X-ray detection has been widely used in medical imaging, security inspection, and industrial non-destructive tests. Halide perovskite X-ray detectors have attracted increasing attention due to their high sensitivity and low detection limit, but the notorious ion migration leads to poor operational stability. It is reported that the low dimensional structure can effectively suppress the ion migration of perovskites, thus greatly improving the stability of the detectors. This review introduces the working mechanism, key performance parameters of perovskite X-ray detectors, and summarizes the recent progress of low-dimensional perovskite materials and their application in direct X-ray detectors. The relationship between the structural characteristics of low-dimensional perovskite materials and their X-ray detection performance was systematically analyzed. Low-dimensional perovskite is a promising candidate for the preparation of X-ray detectors with both high sensitivity and stability. Further optimization of detection material and device structure, preparation of large-area pixelated imaging devices, and study of working mechanism in-depth of the detector are expected to promote the practical application of perovskite X-ray detectors.
DONG Siyin, TIE Shujie, YUAN Ruihan, ZHENG Xiaojia. Research Progress on Low-dimensional Halide Perovskite Direct X-ray Detectors. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(9): 1017-1030 DOI:10.15541/jim20230016
Fig. 3
0D bismuth-based perovskite single crystal detector
(a) Schematic crystal structure and photograph of MA3Bi2I9 single crystal[25]; (b) Photograph of the MA3Bi2I9 single crystal after cutting and polishing[25]; (c) Resistivity of representative X-ray detection materials; (d) Device operational stability against continuous X-ray irradiation with high dose rates under a high bias volage[25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53]
Fig. 4
1D and 2D bismuth-based perovskite single crystal detectors
(a) Photograph of 1D (H2MDAP)BiI5 single crystal and schematic diagram of device structure[57]; (b, c) Crystal structure of (b) 1D (DMEDA)BiI5 and (c) 2D (NH4)3Bi2I9[29,58]; (d) Photograph of the (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal and two different device structures based on the (100) plane[29]
(a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structures of RP and DJ perovskites [63]; (b) X-ray image of nut based on (BA)2PbI4 single crystal device[64]; (c) X-ray images generated by (F-PEA)2PbI4 single crystal device[66]; (d) Schematic diagram of the transition of pure 2D perovskites to quasi-2D perovskites[70]
(a) Preparation of RP perovskite-nylon matrix by a lamination process[26]; (b) Photograph and corresponding X-ray image of a copper Chinese characters pattern[26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84]
Owing to high X/γ-ray absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility lifetime product, and low temperature solution growth, halide perovskites emerged as promising room temperature radiation detector materials, which outperform traditional high-purity Ge and CdZnTe materials in term of low-cost, chip compatibility and large-area imaging. Starting from the fundamental properties of halide perovskites and the principle of radiation detectors, the development of halide perovskite radiation detectors since 2015 was briefly introduced. Then, recent progresses of direct radiation detectors (intensity, imaging, energy spectroscopy) and indirect scintillator detectors were systematically reviewed, and the crucial factors for high-performance detectors were discussed, which could provide valuable guidance for further boosting performance of halide-perovskite-based radiation detectors in future.
This review provides a practical overview of the excess cancer risks related to radiation from medical imaging. Primary care physicians should have a basic understanding of these risks. Because of recent attention to this issue, patients are more likely to express concerns over radiation risk. In addition, physicians can play a role in reducing radiation risk to their patients by considering these risks when making imaging referrals. This review provides a brief overview of the evidence pertaining to low-level radiation and excess cancer risks and addresses the radiation doses and risks from common medical imaging studies. Specific subsets of patients may be at greater risk from radiation exposure, and radiation risk should be considered carefully in these patients. Recent technical innovations have contributed to lowering the radiation dose from computed tomography, and the referring physician should be aware of these innovations in making imaging referrals.
Control over morphology and crystallinity of metal halide perovskite films is of key importance to enable high-performance optoelectronics. However, this remains particularly challenging for solution-printed devices due to the complex crystallization kinetics of semiconductor materials within dynamic flow of inks. Here we report a simple yet effective meniscus-assisted solution printing (MASP) strategy to yield large-grained dense perovskite film with good crystallization and preferred orientation. Intriguingly, the outward convective flow triggered by fast solvent evaporation at the edge of the meniscus ink imparts the transport of perovskite solutes, thus facilitating the growth of micrometre-scale perovskite grains. The growth kinetics of perovskite crystals is scrutinized by in situ optical microscopy tracking to understand the crystallization mechanism. The perovskite films produced by MASP exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties with efficiencies approaching 20% in planar perovskite solar cells. This robust MASP strategy may in principle be easily extended to craft other solution-printed perovskite-based optoelectronics.
WANGQ, ZHENGX, DENGY, et al.
Stabilizing the α-phase of CsPbI3 perovskite by sulfobetaine zwitterions in one-step spin-coating films
X-ray photon detection is important for a wide range of applications. The highest demand, however, comes from medical imaging, which requires cost-effective, high-resolution detectors operating at low-photon flux, therefore stimulating the search for novel materials and new approaches. Recently, hybrid halide perovskite CHNHPbI (MAPbI) has attracted considerable attention due to its advantageous optoelectronic properties and low fabrication costs. The presence of heavy atoms, providing a high scattering cross-section for photons, makes this material a perfect candidate for X-ray detection. Despite the already-successful demonstrations of efficiency in detection, its integration into standard microelectronics fabrication processes is still pending. Here, we demonstrate a promising method for building X-ray detector units by 3D aerosol jet printing with a record sensitivity of 2.2 × 10 μC Gy cm when detecting 8 keV photons at dose rates below 1 μGy/s (detection limit 0.12 μGy/s), a 4-fold improvement on the best-in-class devices. An introduction of MAPbI-based detection into medical imaging would significantly reduce health hazards related to the strongly ionizing X-rays' photons.
XIAM, SONGZ, WUH, et al.
Compact and large-area perovskite films achieved via soft-pressing and multi-functional polymerizable binder for flat-panel X-ray imager
Large and dense organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 wafer fabricated by one-step reactive direct wafer production with high X-ray sensitivity
Perovskite flat-panel X-ray detectors are promising products for realizing low-dose medical imaging, a nondestructive test, and security inspection. However, the perovskite X-ray imager still faces intractable problems such as severe baseline drift, a low signal-to-noise ratio, and rapid performance degradation, which were involved by the notorious intrinsic ion migration of the perovskite functional layer. In this work, sensitive, stable, and portable pixel quasi-two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskite X-ray imagers were obtained by an advanced solvent-free laminated fabrication approach. A-Site cation engineering of RP perovskites provides a hint for solving the trade-off between stability and detection performance, resulting in a stable pixel X-ray imager that shows a sensitivity of ∼7000 μC Gy cm, a detection limit of 7.8 nGy s, and good 2D multipixel X-ray imaging. This work demonstrates both a high-performance, stable X-ray imager and its robust fabrication, paving the way for adopting a RP perovskite imager as novel flat-panel X-ray detectors.
LIUY, ZHANGY, ZHUX, et al.
Triple-cation and mixed-halide perovskite single crystal for high-performance X-ray imaging
Sensitive and reliable X-ray detectors are essential for medical radiography,industrial inspection and security screening.Lowering the radiation dose allows reduced health risks and increased frequency and fidelity of diagnostic technologies for earlier detection of disease and its recurrence.Three-dimensional (3D) organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites are promising for direct X-ray detection-they show improved sensitivity compared to conventional X-ray detectors.However,their high and unstable dark current,caused by ion migration and high dark carrier concentration in the 3D hybrid perovskites,limits their performance and long-term operation stability.Here we report ultrasensitive,stable X-ray detectors made using zero-dimensional (0D) methylammonium bismuth iodide perovskite (MA<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub>) single crystals.The 0D crystal structure leads to a high activation energy (<i>E</i><sub>a</sub>) for ion migration (0.46 eV) and is also accompanied by a low dark carrier concentration (~10<sup>6</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>).The X-ray detectors exhibit sensitivity of 10,620 μC Gy<sub>air</sub><sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>,a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.62 nGy<sub>air</sub> s<sup>-1</sup>,and stable operation even under high applied biases;no deterioration in detection performance was observed following sensing of an integrated X-ray irradiation dose of ~23,800 mGy<sub>air</sub>,equivalent to >200,000 times the dose required for a single commercial X-ray chest radiograph.Regulating the ion migration channels and decreasing the dark carrier concentration in perovskites provide routes for stable and ultrasensitive X-ray detectors.
ZHANGM, XIND, DONGS, et al.
Methylamine-assisted preparation of Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites for stable detection and imaging of X-rays
The organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites have emerged as a series of star materials for solar cells, lasers and detectors. However, the issues raised by the toxic lead element and marginal stability due to the volatile organic components have severely limited their potential applications. In this work, we develop a nucleation-controlled solution method to grow large size high-quality Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite single crystals (PSCs). Using the technique, we harvest some centimeter-sized single crystals and achieved high device performance. We find that X-ray detectors based on PSCs exhibit high sensitivity of 1652.3 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 and very low detectable dose rate of 130 nGyair s−1, both desired in medical diagnostics. In addition, its outstanding thermal stability inspires us to develop a high temperature X-ray detector with stable response at up to 100 °C. Furthermore, PSCs exhibit high X-ray imaging capability thanks to its negligible signal drifting and extremely high stability.
ZHUANGR, WANGX, MAW, et al.
Highly sensitive X-ray detector made of layered perovskite-like (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal with anisotropic response
If perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are to be commercialized, they must achieve long-term stability, which is usually assessed with accelerated degradation tests. One of the persistent obstacles for PSCs has been successfully passing the damp-heat test (85°C and 85% relative humidity), which is the standard for verifying the stability of commercial photovoltaic (PV) modules. We fabricated damp heat–stable PSCs by tailoring the dimensional fragments of two-dimensional perovskite layers formed at room temperature with oleylammonium iodide molecules; these layers passivate the perovskite surface at the electron-selective contact. The resulting inverted PSCs deliver a 24.3% PCE and retain >95% of their initial value after >1000 hours at damp-heat test conditions, thereby meeting one of the critical industrial stability standards for PV modules.
JANGY W, LEES, YEOMK M, et al.
Intact 2D/3D halide junction perovskite solar cells via solid-phase in-plane growth
X-ray detectors are broadly utilized in medical imaging and product inspection. Halide perovskites recently demonstrate excellent performance for direct X-ray detection. However, ionic migration causes large noise and baseline drift, limiting the detection and imaging performance. Here we largely eliminate the ionic migration in cesium silver bismuth bromide (Cs2AgBiBr6) polycrystalline wafers by introducing bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) as heteroepitaxial passivation layers. Good lattice match between BiOBr and Cs2AgBiBr6 enables complete defect passivation and suppressed ionic migration. The detector hence achieves outstanding balanced performance with a signal drifting one order of magnitude lower than all previous studies, low noise (1/f noise free), a high sensitivity of 250 µC Gy air−1 cm–2, and a spatial resolution of 4.9 lp mm−1. The wafer area could be easily scaled up by the isostatic-pressing method, together with the heteroepitaxial passivation, strengthens the competitiveness of Cs2AgBiBr6-based X-ray detectors as next-generation X-ray imaging flat panels.
XIAOY, XUEC, WANGX, et al.
Bulk heterostructure BA2PbI4/MAPbI3 perovskites for suppressed ion migration to achieve sensitive X-ray detection performance
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites are a preeminent class of low-cost semiconductors whose inherent structural tunability and attractive photophysical properties have led to the successful fabrication of solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies. Despite the observed superior stability of 2D lead iodide perovskites over their 3D parent structures, an understanding of their thermochemical profile is missing. Herein, the calorimetric studies reveal that the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) series, incorporating the monovalent-monoammonium spacer cations of pentylammonium (PA) and hexylammonium (HA): (PA)(MA)PbI (= 2-6) and (HA)(MA)PbI (= 2-4) have a negative enthalpy of formation, relative to their binary iodides. In contrast, the enthalpy of formation for the Dion-Jacobson (DJ) series, incorporating the divalent and cyclic diammonium cations of 3- and 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium (3AMP and 4AMP respectively): (3AMP)(MA)PbI (= 2-5) and (4AMP)(MA)PbI (= 2-4) have a positive enthalpy of formation. In addition, for the (PA)(MA)PbI family of materials, we report the phase-pure synthesis and single crystal structure of the next member of the series (PA)(MA)PbI (= 6), and its optical properties, marking this the second = 6, bulk member published to date. Particularly, (PA)(MA)PbI (= 6) has negative enthalpy of formation as well. Additionally, the analysis of the structural parameters and optical properties between the examined RP and DJ series offers guiding principles for the targeted design and synthesis of 2D perovskites for efficient solar cell fabrication. Although the distortions of the Pb-I-Pb equatorial angles are larger in the DJ series, the significantly smaller I···I interlayer distances lead to overall smaller band gap values, in comparison with the RP series. Our film stability studies on the RP and DJ perovskites series reveal consistent observations with the thermochemical findings, pointing out to the lower extrinsic stability of the DJ materials in ambient air.
DIJ, CHANGJ, LIUS.
Recent progress of two-dimensional lead halide perovskite single crystals: crystal growth, physical properties, and device applications
Single crystals of lead halide hybrid perovskites (e. g., CH3NH3PbI3 and CsPbBr3) have been developed as promising candidates for X-ray detection, owing to their excellent attributes including low trap density, high X-ray absorption cross section, and high carrier mobility. The toxicity of lead, however, is a potential bottleneck that hinders their device application toward green and sustainable competitors. Herein, we reported a new lead-free bismuth-iodide hybrid of (H(2)MDAP)BiI5 (1, H(2)MDAP = N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropanium), adopting one-dimensional (1D) metal-halogen frameworks, which behaves as a potential alternative for X-ray detection. Large-size single crystals of 1 with sizes up to 9 x 7 x 4 mm(3) were successfully grown via top-seeded solution growth method. The as-grown crystal exhibits notable semiconducting properties, including a narrow bandgap of 1.83 eV, trap density of 3.6 x 10(11)cm(-3), carrier mobility of 1.42 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1), and high X-ray absorption coefficient. Consequently, the fabricated crystal-based X-ray photoconductor enables the conversion of X-ray to electrical signals with a sensitivity of, similar to 1.0 mu C Gy(air)(-1) cm(-2). These results throw light on further exploration on X-ray-sensitive materials based on the lead-free metal halogen hybrids.
YAOL, NIUG, YINL, et al.
Bismuth halide perovskite derivatives for direct X-ray detection
Two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have emerged as outstanding semiconducting materials thanks to their superior stability and structural diversity. However, the ever-growing field of optoelectronic device research using 2D perovskites requires systematic understanding of the effects of the spacer on the structure, properties, and device performance. So far, many studies are based on trial-and-error tests of random spacers with limited ability to predict the resulting structure of these synthetic experiments, hindering the discovery of novel 2D materials to be incorporated into high-performance devices. In this review, we provide guidelines on successfully choosing spacers and incorporating them into crystalline materials and optoelectronic devices. We first provide a summary of various synthetic methods to act as a tutorial for groups interested in pursuing synthesis of novel 2D perovskites. Second, we provide our insights on what kind of spacer cations can stabilize 2D perovskites followed by an extensive review of the spacer cations, which have been shown to stabilize 2D perovskites with an emphasis on the effects of the spacer on the structure and optical properties. Next, we provide a similar explanation for the methods used to fabricate films and their desired properties. Like the synthesis section, we will then focus on various spacers that have been used in devices and how they influence the film structure and device performance. With a comprehensive understanding of these effects, a rational selection of novel spacers can be made, accelerating this already exciting field.
YUKTA, GHOSHJ, AFROZM A, et al.
Efficient and highly stable X-ray detection and imaging using 2D (BA)2PbI4 perovskite single crystals
Layered halide perovskites offer a versatile platform for manipulating light through synthetic design. Although most layered perovskites absorb strongly in the ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV region, their emission can range from the UV to the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This emission can be very narrow, displaying high color purity, or it can be extremely broad, spanning the entire visible spectrum and providing high color rendition (or accurately reproducing illuminated colors). The origin of the photoluminescence can vary enormously. Strongly correlated electron-hole pairs, permanent lattice defects, transient light-induced defects, and ligand-field transitions in the inorganic layers and molecular chromophores in the organic layers can be involved in the emission mechanism. In this review, we highlight the different types of photoluminescence that may be attained from layered halide perovskites, with an emphasis on how the emission may be systematically tuned through changes to the bulk crystalline lattice: changes in composition, structure, and dimensionality.
LIH, SONGJ, PANW, et al.
Sensitive and stable 2D perovskite single-crystal X-ray detectors enabled by a supramolecular anchor
Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites have been demonstrated great promise in x-ray detection application because of their stability, tunability, and the unique electronic properties. The centimeter-sized 2D perovskite (PMA)2PbI4 single crystal and the corresponding x-ray detector were fabricated. The Cu ion implanted device exhibits an excellent sensitivity of 283 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, the significantly enhanced mobility-lifetime (μτ) product of 8.05 × 10−3 cm2 V−1, and the lowest detectable dose rate of 2.13 μGyair s−1. Experimental observation combined with the DFT calculations shows that the improvement in Cu ion implanted x-ray detection is ascribed to the enhanced photoinduced charge carrier density and μτ product, and the increased carrier dissociation capability associated deeply with the decreased binding energy of exciton in the inorganic layer quasi-quantum well. The incorporation of the Cu interstitials by high-energy Cu ion implantation is able to introduce the donor and acceptor states with additional charge transfer channeling, resulting in the decreased exciton binding energy and fast dissociation of the exciton and the quick carrier extraction. Cu ion implantation regulating the dissociation of charge carriers in low-dimensional perovskites will motivate the application for 2D perovskite in high-performance x-ray detectors.
XIAOB, SUNQ, WANGF, et al.
Towards superior X-ray detection performance of two-dimensional halide perovskite crystals by adjusting the anisotropic transport behavior
Monolayer-to-multilayer dimensionality reconstruction in a hybrid perovskite for exploring the bulk photovoltaic effect enables passive X-ray detection
Two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have extraordinary optoelectronic properties and structural tunability. Among them, the Dion-Jacobson phases with the inorganic layers stacking exactly on top of each other are less explored. Herein, we present the new series of 2D Dion-Jacobson halide perovskites, which adopt the general formula of A'APbI (A' = 4-(aminomethyl)pyridinium (4AMPY), A = methylammonium (MA), = 1-4). By modifying the position of the CHNH group from 4AMPY to 3AMPY (3AMPY = 3-(aminomethyl)pyridinium), the stacking of the inorganic layers changes from exactly eclipsed to slightly offset. The perovskite octahedra tilts are also different between the two series, with the 3AMPY series exhibiting smaller bandgaps than the 4AMPY series. Compared to the aliphatic cation of the same size (AMP = (aminomethyl)piperidinium), the aromatic spacers increase the rigidity of the cation, reduce the interlayer spacing, and decrease the dielectric mismatch between inorganic layer and the organic spacer, showing the indirect but powerful influence of the organic cations on the structure and consequently on the optical properties of the perovskite materials. All A'APbI compounds exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature. Preliminary solar cell devices based on the = 4 perovskites as absorbers of both series exhibit promising performances, with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.20% for (3AMPY)(MA)PbI-based devices, which is higher than the (4AMPY)(MA)PbI and the corresponding aliphatic analogue (3AMP)(MA)PbI-based ones.
FUD, HOUZ, HEY, et al.
Formamidinium perovskitizers and aromatic spacers synergistically building bilayer Dion-Jacobson perovskite photoelectric bulk crystals
High quality MA3Bi2I9 films were prepared by a cost effective, scalable and green solvent blade-coating process. An X-ray detector with outstanding detection performance was obtained.
LIUX M, LIH J, CUIQ Y, et al.
Molecular doping of flexible lead-free perovskite-polymer thick membranes for high-performance X-ray detection
Modern photovoltaic devices are often based on a heterojunction structure where two components with different optoelectronic properties are interfaced. The properties of each side of the junction can be tuned by either utilizing different materials (for example, donor/acceptor) or doping (for example, p–n junction) or even varying their dimensionality (for example, 3D/2D). Here we demonstrate the concept of phase heterojunction (PHJ) solar cells by utilizing two polymorphs of the same material. We demonstrate the approach by forming γ-CsPbI3/β-CsPbI3 perovskite PHJ solar cells. We find that all of the photovoltaic parameters of the PHJ device significantly surpass those of each of the single-phase devices, resulting in a maximum power conversion efficiency of 20.1%. These improvements originate from the efficient passivation of the β-CsPbI3 by the larger bandgap γ-CsPbI3, the increase in the built-in potential of the PHJ devices enabled by the energetic alignment between the two phases and the enhanced absorption of light by the PHJ structure. The approach demonstrated here offers new possibilities for the development of photovoltaic devices based on polymorphic materials.
JINP, TANGY, LID, et al.
Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy
Schematic representation of the molecular structures of halide perovskites with different dimensions<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref>]</sup>Fig. 2
Large and dense organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 wafer fabricated by one-step reactive direct wafer production with high X-ray sensitivity
... (a) Preparation of RP perovskite-nylon matrix by a lamination process[26]; (b) Photograph and corresponding X-ray image of a copper Chinese characters pattern[26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
... [22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
... [22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
... (a) Schematic crystal structure and photograph of MA3Bi2I9 single crystal[25]; (b) Photograph of the MA3Bi2I9 single crystal after cutting and polishing[25]; (c) Resistivity of representative X-ray detection materials; (d) Device operational stability against continuous X-ray irradiation with high dose rates under a high bias volage[25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53] ...
... [25]; (c) Resistivity of representative X-ray detection materials; (d) Device operational stability against continuous X-ray irradiation with high dose rates under a high bias volage[25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53] ...
... [25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53] ...
... Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectorsTable 1
... (a) Preparation of RP perovskite-nylon matrix by a lamination process[26]; (b) Photograph and corresponding X-ray image of a copper Chinese characters pattern[26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
... [26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
... Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectorsTable 1
... (a) Photograph of 1D (H2MDAP)BiI5 single crystal and schematic diagram of device structure[57]; (b, c) Crystal structure of (b) 1D (DMEDA)BiI5 and (c) 2D (NH4)3Bi2I9[29,58]; (d) Photograph of the (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal and two different device structures based on the (100) plane[29] ...
... (a) Schematic crystal structure and photograph of MA3Bi2I9 single crystal[25]; (b) Photograph of the MA3Bi2I9 single crystal after cutting and polishing[25]; (c) Resistivity of representative X-ray detection materials; (d) Device operational stability against continuous X-ray irradiation with high dose rates under a high bias volage[25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53] ...
... (a) Schematic crystal structure and photograph of MA3Bi2I9 single crystal[25]; (b) Photograph of the MA3Bi2I9 single crystal after cutting and polishing[25]; (c) Resistivity of representative X-ray detection materials; (d) Device operational stability against continuous X-ray irradiation with high dose rates under a high bias volage[25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53] ...
... Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectorsTable 1
... (a) Photograph of 1D (H2MDAP)BiI5 single crystal and schematic diagram of device structure[57]; (b, c) Crystal structure of (b) 1D (DMEDA)BiI5 and (c) 2D (NH4)3Bi2I9[29,58]; (d) Photograph of the (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal and two different device structures based on the (100) plane[29] ...
... Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectorsTable 1
... (a) Photograph of 1D (H2MDAP)BiI5 single crystal and schematic diagram of device structure[57]; (b, c) Crystal structure of (b) 1D (DMEDA)BiI5 and (c) 2D (NH4)3Bi2I9[29,58]; (d) Photograph of the (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal and two different device structures based on the (100) plane[29] ...
... Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectorsTable 1
... (a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structures of RP and DJ perovskites [63]; (b) X-ray image of nut based on (BA)2PbI4 single crystal device[64]; (c) X-ray images generated by (F-PEA)2PbI4 single crystal device[66]; (d) Schematic diagram of the transition of pure 2D perovskites to quasi-2D perovskites[70] ...
... (a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structures of RP and DJ perovskites [63]; (b) X-ray image of nut based on (BA)2PbI4 single crystal device[64]; (c) X-ray images generated by (F-PEA)2PbI4 single crystal device[66]; (d) Schematic diagram of the transition of pure 2D perovskites to quasi-2D perovskites[70] ...
... Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectorsTable 1
Sensitive and stable 2D perovskite single-crystal X-ray detectors enabled by a supramolecular anchor
3
2020
... (a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structures of RP and DJ perovskites [63]; (b) X-ray image of nut based on (BA)2PbI4 single crystal device[64]; (c) X-ray images generated by (F-PEA)2PbI4 single crystal device[66]; (d) Schematic diagram of the transition of pure 2D perovskites to quasi-2D perovskites[70] ...
Monolayer-to-multilayer dimensionality reconstruction in a hybrid perovskite for exploring the bulk photovoltaic effect enables passive X-ray detection
3
2021
... (a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structures of RP and DJ perovskites [63]; (b) X-ray image of nut based on (BA)2PbI4 single crystal device[64]; (c) X-ray images generated by (F-PEA)2PbI4 single crystal device[66]; (d) Schematic diagram of the transition of pure 2D perovskites to quasi-2D perovskites[70] ...
Ion-exchange-induced slow crystallization of 2D-3D perovskite thick junctions for X-ray detection and imaging
3
2022
... (a) Preparation of RP perovskite-nylon matrix by a lamination process[26]; (b) Photograph and corresponding X-ray image of a copper Chinese characters pattern[26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
Quasi-2D perovskite thick film for X-ray detection with low detection limit
3
2022
... (a) Preparation of RP perovskite-nylon matrix by a lamination process[26]; (b) Photograph and corresponding X-ray image of a copper Chinese characters pattern[26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84] ...
