Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) are new functional materials formed by doping a few percentages of magnetic ions in nonmagnetic semiconductors. Recently, the ferromagnetism origin and magnetism theory are the research hotspot in the field of DMSs. It is still unclear how the ferromagnetism is induced between the doped magnetic ions and the carriers. In this paper, the recent progress in magnetism theory was reviewed. The typical theories including RKKY, mean field theory, double exchange and bound magnetic polaron were elucidated in detail. The hotspot of experimental, theoretical research and existing problems were evaluated.

Cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN) thin films were deposited on ITO, spin-coated TiO₂ and glass substrates by successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method in ethylene glycol (EG) solution. Crystallinity, surface morphology and optical properties of the CuSCN thin films were characterized by XRD, scanning electron microscope and transmission spectra respectively. Results show that deposition of CuSCN is greatly affected by properties of substrates and solutions. CuSCN thin film deposited on ITO is dense and crystalline, while CuSCN thin film deposited on spin-coated TiO₂ is particulate and amorphous. Roughness of CuSCN thin film increases with increasing cycles, resulting in decrease of transmittance of CuSCN thin film. At optimal conditions (ITO substrate, 20 cycles), the CuSCN thin film is dense and uniform in surface morphology, transmittance of which in the visible range is about 60%.

C₃N₆H₆(H₃ BO₃)₂ precursor was synthesized with C₃N₆H₆ and H₃BO₃ as raw materials in aqueous solution, which was followed by pyrolysis at high temperature in flowing N₂ atmosphere to prepare (boron and nitrogen)-rich BCN compounds. The pyrolysis products were characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM and HRTEM. The room-temperature photoluminescence(PL) spectra of the pyrolysis products were measured by fluorescence spectrometry. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis products and their photoluminescence were investigated. The results indicate that (boron and nitrogen)-rich BCN compounds with turbostratic graphite structure can be obtained when the pyrolysis temperature is above 1000℃. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the contents of B and N in the BCN compounds increase whereas the content of C decreases. These BCN compounds show bar-like or fibrous morphologies similar to the precursor. HRTEM analysis reveals that these BCN compounds are composed of interweaved nanofibers with average diameter of ca.2nm. PL results indicate that these BCN compounds are semiconductors with two strong and broad PL peaks centered at 340-450nm and 670-705nm. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the wavelength of the peak centered in the shorter wavelength range decreases due to the variation of the chemical composition. 

The fullerene complex C₆₀Pt(dppp) was prepared by reacting C₆₀ with dppp in nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesized fullerene complex was characterized by means of Mass Spectrometry (MS), Elemental Analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis and XPS. Besides these, the photoelectric properties and redox property of this complex were also studied. The results show that the greatest value of photovotaic potential is 371mV in the benzoquinone/hydroquinone redox couple, and the value of photovoltaic effects reach the maximum when the thickness of complex film is 1μm. Based on the merits mensioned above, the complex has excellent photoelectric properties, therefore it has potential application in solar cells.

Ordered mesoporous carbons were synthesized by using as-synthesized MCM-48 as the template and resorcinol (R)-formaldehyde sol as the carbon precursor. By changing the molar ratio of resorcinol (R) to template (w(R)/w(MCM-48)) and resorcinol (R) to water(w(R)/w(H₂O)), mesoporous carbons with different porosities were produced. The obtained samples were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopye, transmission electron microscopye and thermogravimetric analysis. It is found that the optimized w(R)/w(MCM-48) and w(R)/w(H₂O) ratios are in the rang from 0.50 to 0.65 and from0.15 to 0.35, respectively, and the resulting ordered mesoporous carbons has BET specific surface areas greater than 1125m²/g, mean pore sizes from 2.2 to 2.4nm, and high thermal stability.

Hybrid mesoporous molecular sieve materials with hexagonal mesoscopic order and covalently bound polyoxometalates were synthesized by the co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with lacunary polyoxometalate, K₈SiW₁₁O_39·12H₂O (SiW₁₁), in the presence of triblock copolymer P123 as the structure-directing agent. The influences of prehydrolysis time of TEOS on the structure of hybrid materials were specially investigated. It is found that the introduction of SiW₁₁ into the system results in the decreases of critical micelle concentration of surfactant P123 and the consequent loss of ordered assembly due to salting-out effect. Therefore, it is necessary to provide sufficient time for prehydrolysis in order to acquire ordered mesophase. It is also observed that the length of prehydrolysis time depends on the ratio of SiW₁₁ in inorganic precursors. Longer prehydrolysis time is needed and lower structure order is obtained when the ratio of SiW₁₁ increases. In addition, the prehydrolysis time affects the distribution of polyoxometalates in the hybrid materials. The bound polyoxometalates mostly locate on the surface of walls of primary mesopores rather than within the complementary small pores as the prehydrolisis time is increased.

V-doped nano-TiO₂ thin films with different V-dopings were prepared by magnetron sputtering method. The microstructure observation and crystallization mechanism of the films were performed by scanning electron microscope（SEM） and X-ray diffractometer(XRD). Raman spectrum and UV-vis transmittance spectrum of the films were also accomplished by Raman spectrometer and ultraviolet-visible spectrometer. The stress in crystal lattice and photo-absorption property of the films were studied. The results indicate that vanadium dopant in nano-TiO₂ thin films can induce the oriented crystallization of TiO₂ and form sizable dumbbell-state crystal grains. The addition of vanadium to TiO₂ thin films suppresses the expanding of crystal lattice and the generation of rutile. The stress in the V-doped nano-TiO₂ films increases with the increase of vanadium content. With the addition of vanadium, the energy level of conduction band of the nano-TiO₂ lowers and stretches to bandgap. Thus the bandgap of nano-TiO₂ is narrowed down. As a result, the optical absorption edge of the V-doped nano-TiO₂ thin films shifts from ultraviolet zone to visible one, enhancing the absorptivity of the films on visible light.

Using Gemini231 quaternary ammonium salts cationic surfactant as template, mesoporous titanium dioxide material was synthesized by sol-gel method at room temperature. The synthesized samples were investigated by thermogravimetic-differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption and transmission electron microscope(TEM) techniques. The results show that the obtained mesoporous TiO₂ calcined at 480℃ have a high specific surface area up to 383.8m^2_·g¹ , and a mean pore size of about 5.8nm in diameter, and crystallized anatase framework. No rutile phase is found. Small-angle X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the sample has an ordered mesoporous structure.

The mesoporous titania was prepared via Sol-Gel process from Ti(n-C₄H₉O)₄(TBOT) without surfactant templates. Using sulfuric acid or acetic acid as acidity regulator, the TBOT was hydrolyzed in an acidic system, and then its hydrolysate was treated by hydrothermal method. The products were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm and TG-DSC. The results indicate that mesoporous TiO₂ can be synthesized through selecting acid, controlling acid concentration and supplementing TEA which can reduce the hydrolysis rate of TBOT. The mesoporous TiO₂, prepared with the mole ratio of H₂SO₄/TBOT/TEA＝1/1/1, shows a surface area of 176m²/g, pore volume of 0.222cm³/g, mean pore size of 5nm, and narrow pore size distribution, and its thermal stability is excellent.

The TiO₂ thin films with resistive switching behaviors were grown on Pt (111)/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Scanning electrical microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were employed to characterize the as-grown films respectively. No evident diffraction peak of TiO₂ is found in X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The films exhibit nanocrystalline or noncrystalline. The results show that the surfaces of the films are flat, smooth and dense. The results of electrical test indicate that TiO₂ thin films show a unipolar resistive switching behavior, and the high-resistance to low-resistance ratio can reach 10⁴. The electrical conduction of the films at high resistance state is controlled by the space charge limited current mechanism, and the soft-set phenomenon is found. The formation and rupture of conducting filaments in TiO₂ thin films are preliminarily analyzed.

The relation between properties of strontium aluminate phosphor and Al/Sr ratio was investigated. A series of strontium aluminate phosphors with different Al/Sr ratios from 1.0 to 12.0 were synthesized by solid-state method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectra. The results reveal that single phases of SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺, Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ and SrAl₁₂O₁₉:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ are obtained with Al/Sr ratios of 2.0, 3.5 and 10.0 respectively. When Al/Sr selects other values, the final products are mixture. Moreover, the emission spectra of the samples shift to blue-ultraviolet short wavelength from yellow-green long wave with the increase of Al/Sr ratios, which result from change of products’ composition.

The structural color and microstructure of the bivalve ligament of Hyriopsis cunimgii were investigated by reflection spectra, scanning electron microscope and theoretical simulation. The results are listed as follows, reflection peak wavelength of the ligament blue-shifts from 460nm to 423nm with the increase of air drying time from 0 to 60min, and the reflectivity decreases gradually, relevant color changes from blue to brown background color. The structural color in the ligament is produced by the 2D photonic structure consisting of aligned aragonite fibers and proteins, in which the diameter of aragonite fiber and the inter-fiber spacing is (122±14)nm and (133±15nm, respectively. Water can reversibly tune the reflectivity of reflection peak and the scope of photonic band gap (PBG), revealing that the ligament is characteristic of humidity sensitive 2D tunable PBG structure. It is concluded that the ligament belongs to the natural humidity sensitive 2D tunable PBG material.

CdS hollow nanospheres were synthesized via solvothermal route from cadmium nitrate and thiourea with methanol as medium. Morphology and structures of the as-obtained products were characterized by TEM, EDS and XRD. TEM and EDS analysis show that the products are mainly onion-like CdS hollow nanospheres, with external diameter of 5－17nm and hollow inner size of 3－14nm. XRD tests indicate that these hollow nanospheres exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure. The function of alcohol solvent on the growth of CdS nanostructure is also studied preliminary. As absolute ethanol or 1-pentanol is employed as a substitute for solvent, the products are congeries of CdS nanoparticles and microspheres assembled by CdS nanoparticles, respectively. The results demonstrate that methanol plays a significant role in the formation of hollow structure. The formation of hollow nanospheres may be caused by curling of CdS nanoflakes under the high vapor pressure of methanol.

Large quantities of wirelike and beltlike α-Si₃N₄ quasi-one-dimension structure were synthesized via direct reaction of SiO powder with N₂ at 1450℃ using chemical vapor deposition. The wirelike α-Si₃N₄ was deposited at lower temperature region (1200℃), while the beltlike α-Si₃N₄ was deposited at higher temperature region (1450℃). The mean diameter and length of wirelike α-Si₃N₄ are about 100-300 nm and tens of micrometers, respectively. And the beltlike α-Si₃N₄ is tens of nanometers in the thickness, 300nm-2μm in the width and several micrometers to tens of micrometers in the length. HRTEM image and SAED pattern of the wirelike and beltlike α-Si₃N₄ show that they are single crystalline, and beltlike α-Si₃N₄ grows along ［210］ direction. Wirelike and beltlike α-Si₃N₄ quasi-one-dimension structure grow by the VS process. Results show that high deposition temperature and supersaturation favors the formation of beltlike quasi-one-dimension structures; while low deposition temperature and supersaturation tend to form wirelike quasi-one-dimension structures. Therefore, the morphology of microstructure materials could be controlled through regulating the deposition temperature and supersaturation in the chemical vapor deposition process. The experiment may offer reference for controlled synthesis preparation of quasi-one-dimension structures.
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The self-assembly of ZnO nanorod bundles into interesting flowerlike architectures were achieved via a simple hydrothermal route. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The composed ZnO nanorods, as self-assembly building blocks, are single crystals nature with the c-axis growth crystallographic direction. And most of them have diameters of 500nm and lengths of 6.0μm. The results indicate that commercial ammonia (28%) plays an important role in the formation of the flowerlike architectures in the present of ethylenediamine. When pH value is about 10 adjusted by the addition of ammonia, self-assembly of ZnO nanorod bundles into flowerlike architectures are obtained. With the further increase of the content of ammonia, self-assembly of ZnO nanorods into different flowerlike architectures are synthesized. A possible growth mechanism of the flowerlike ZnO architectures is proposed.
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Nanoporous ZnO/Eosin Y hybrid thin films were fabricated on ITO substrate by cathodic electrochemical deposition from aqueous mixture of zinc nitrate and Esoin Y sodium salt. Effects of the pretreatment process and the dye concentration in the deposition bath on the crystal structure, morphology, and optical properties of the hybrid film were investigated. Results show that the introduction of a short electrochemical pretreatment process can enhance the crystallinity of ZnO, and ZnO crystals are induced to grow along the c axis direction by the pretreatment. As the concentration of Eosin Y in the bath increases, the crystalline quality of film decreases, and the deposit loses its hexagonal crystal facets gradually. Nanoporous ZnO/Eosin Y hybrid films with high dye loading content and thick film thickness is obtained by adding 50μmol/L Ensin Y in the deposition bath. The prototype dye sensitized solar cell device utilizing this hybrid film as photoelectrode is fabricated, exhibiting an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.49V, a short-circuit photocurrent density of 0.67mA/cm²，and an overall conversation efficiency of 0.105% under white light illumination.
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Ce³⁺-doped Lutetium aluminum garnet Lu₃Al₅O₁₂ phosphors were prepared by an anti co-precipitation from mixing solution of lutetium, aluminum and cerium nitrates using the ammonium hydrogen carbonate as precipitate，followed by the calcination at low temperatures. TG-DTA, FTIR, XRD, TEM and Photoluminescence were used to characterize the as-prepared phosphors. The calcining temperature has distinctly influence on the particle size and the photoluminescence of the prepared Lu₃Al₅O₁₂(Ce) powders. The resulted Lu₃Al₅O_12(Ce) powder calcined at 1000℃ for 2h has an average particle size of 30nm. And its photoluminescence is the strongest among the powders calcined in the range from 850℃ to 1200℃.
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Magnetic moment and specific heat of La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ after heat treatment in oxygen and argon were studied. It is found that the sample after oxygen treatment has higher magnetic moment and specific heat than that after argon treatment. The difference of specific heat between the samples after oxygen treatment and after argon treatment has linear relationship with T^3/2. The heat treatment in oxygen and argon would induce the change of oxygen density which effect the magnetic moment and specific heat. For EPIR effect, the increase of ferromagnetic regions induced by oxygen motion driven by electric pulses would increase the magnetic moment and specific heat, and the different of specific heat between low resistance state and high resistance state has linear relationship with T^3/2. According to oxygen motion driven by electric pulses model, the low resistance state has higher oxygen density than high resistance state. It implies that the increase of magnetic moment and specific heat with resistance decreasing may arise from the oxygen motion driven by electric pulses for EPIR effect.
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The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the magnetism and impedance of a manganese zinc ferrite device were investigated. Both giant piezopermeability and piezoimpedance which were independent of skin effect were observed simultaneously under pressure of a few million-pascals (MPa). With increasing frequency of the current applied across the search coil of the ferrite device, these pressure effects are found to undergo a maximum at frequency of about 1kHz. Under pressure of 6MPa, piezoimpedance over 60% is observed for the ferrite devices with the permeabilities ranging from 5000 to 15000. Analysis shows that these pressure effects result from the variation of the interior stress and the magnetization of the ferrite induced by the applied pressure.

A superhydrophobic CaCO₃/SiO₂ composite surface coating, with a very high water contact angle (WCA) of 169° and a small sliding angle (SA) of 2°, was prepared by means of self-assembly function of polydimethylsilioxane (PDMS). Dual-size surface roughness, which mimicked the surface topology of the lotus leaf, was originated from well-defined CaCO₃/SiO₂ raspberry-like particles which were prepared by violent stirring and surface modification. The coating surface morphologies were observed with scanning electron microscope. Roughness and WCA were measured with atom force microscope and WCA tester, respectively. It is found that there are many microconvexities with binary structure uniformly distributed on the surface lower of the film with diameter of about 2 to 3μm and nanoconvexities or submicroconvexities on the atop surface layer of the coating with diameter of about 200nm, and the surface microstructure is similar to that of lotus surface. Relationships between the surface microstructure, roughness and the wettability of the surface coating are discussed. The possible reason for the excellent superhydrophobic properties on the coating surface is due to co-effect of forming an appropriate surface roughness with well-defined composite particles and the low surface energy of PDMS.

In order to obtain IR absorption property, Ni-P was coated on barium ferrite powder by electroless plating, and the influence of electroless plating process on IR emissivity of barium ferrite powder was studied. The micrograph and structure of samples were studied by means of SEM and XRD. The IR and microwave absorption properties of powders were analyzed by FT-IR and Vector Network Analyzer. The optimal technology parameters are as follows，the concentration of NiSO₄ is 30g/L, the concentration of Na₃PO₃ is 20g/L, the concentration of sodium citrate is 70g/L, the concentration of (NH₄)₂SO₄ is 50g/L, reaction temperature is 85℃ and pH is 10.0. And the results show that a uniform and compact Ni-P coating is plated onto barium ferrite. The IR and microwave absorption properties of Ni-P coated barium ferrite are greatly improved. IR emissivity of the powder decreases to 0.5910 at 8－14 μm wavelength, and the maximum reflection is －24.3dB at 2－18GHz. The bandwidth (>10dB) is about 2.8GHz.

SiC/PyC coated carbon fibers were prepared by two-steps method. The PyC inner layer was prepared by isothermal chemical vapor infiltration and the SiC outer layer was synthesized by the carbothermal-reduction. The microstructures of the as-prepared SiC/PyC coated carbon fibers were characterized by XRD, FESEM and TEM. The oxidation behavior of the uncoated, PyC coated, and SiC/PyC coated carbon fibers were studied by the thermal-gravity analysis. The results show that the SiC and PyC layer deposited on carbon fibers are continuous and uniform. The thickness of PyC inner layer is about 200nm, and thickness of the SiC outer layer is about 160nm. High order twin boundaries are observed in the SiC layer. The oxidation resistance of the carbon fiber can be improved by the SiC/PyC multilayer coating. The initial oxidation temperature of the SiC/PyC coated carbon fiber is about 250℃ higher than that of uncoated carbon fiber.

Zirconia coating was produced on aluminium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The alkaline electrolyte containing Zr(OH)₄ powders was used. The composition and structure of the coating were investigated by XRD, EPMA. The results show that the coating consists of t-ZrO₂, _m-ZrO₂, _α-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃. t-ZrO₂ is the main phase and distributes in outer layer of the coating, however, α-Al₂O₃ appears in inner layer of the coating. Many micro-particles appear on the coating surface with dimension of 1－2μm. In the process of plasma electrolytic oxidation, Zr(OH)₄ powders move and deposite on the mouth of plasma discharge channel under the effect of electric field force, then it is transformed to ZrO2 by the high temperature of plasma discharge.

The growth process of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating conducted for Ti6Al4V was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sample was treated to different voltage in sodium aluminate solution with DC power at current density of 2A/dm² and 8A/dm², and then it was transferred with the solution to the electrolytic cell to perform the EIS test. SEM, EDS and XRD were also adopted to characterize the porous structure, element and phase composition of the PEO coating, respectively. The results show that the PEO coating is composed of titanium, aluminum and oxygen. In the spark region, no crystalline phase is detected, and the growth process of PEO coating, especially the loose outer layer, is strongly affected by the treatment voltage, but nearly independent on the current density. In the micro-arc region, the coating consists of aluminum titanate phase, and the current density has strong effects on the growth process of the loose outer layer, but has little effects on the growth process of the dense inner layer.

LPPS (Low Pressure Plasma Spray) alumina coatings with deposition efficiency higher than 50% and porosity lower than 2% were elaborated using fine alumina powder as feedstock. Characteristics of alumina coatings prepared with different LPPS parameters, including deposition efficiency, phase composition and microstructure, were investigated. The effects of plasma power and chamber pressure on the LPPS alumina coatings were also studied. The results demonstrate that LPPS alumina coating consists of α-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O phase. The porosity is evidently decreased with the increase of power and chamber pressure, but plasma power has insignificant influence on the porosity when the chamber pressure is as high as 23.7kPa. The particle temperature and velocity in plasma plume are obtained on the basis of empirical formula, which reveals that particles with high velocity in plasma plume are completely molten when the pressure is 23.7kPa.

Ag nanoparticles were prepared on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MCNTs) by thermal evaporation deposition at room temperature. The morphology and microstructures of Ag/CNTs composites were characterized by SEM,XRD,TEM and HRTEM. The measurement results verify the nanocrystal shape of Ag nanoparticles on the MCNTs. Ag nanoparticles are distributed evenly on the MCNTs and the density of Ag nanoparticles reaches 10¹¹cm^－2.Ag nanoparticles present round or elliptical patterns and the round particles have larger diameter than the elliptical ones. The MCNTs are deformed at where Ag nanoparticles grow, which should be attributed to the interaction between Ag nanoparticles and MCNTs during the evolution. The heterojuntion materials are formed by the deformed MCNTs and as-grown Ag nanoparticles. It is found that the heterojuntion materials share mutual connections and constitute a net structure because the chemical bonds between Ag nanoparticles and MCNTs have fixation on reciprocal chiasmata MCNTs. The as-prepared 0-1 dimensional materials have promising applications in sensors, catalysis and optoelectronic devices.

Pre-coated carbon layers on the surface of carbon/carbon composites were prepared firstly by slurry and high-temperature treatment for preparing the anti-oxidation coating with SiC concentration gradient. The micrographs and microstructures of the pre-coated carbon layer were characterized by SEM, Raman and XRD. The effects of different graphite content and carbonization temperature on the microstructure of pre-coated carbon layer were investigated. The bonding strength between the carbon layer and the C/C composites was also measured. The results show that the as-prepared carbon layer is dense and the bend strength reaches 10.5MPa. The structures of the pre-coated carbon layer are influenced by the graphite content and carbonization temperature, and the pre-coated carbon layers with different structures are obtained.

Ag/SBA-15 nanocomposite was prepared by supercritical fluid deposition (SCFD) method, with AgNO₃ as the precursor and ethanol or glycol as the cosolvent. AgNO₃ was firstly deposited onto the SBA-15 support at 50℃, 23-25MPa, and reacted for 3-24h. The resultant composite was then subjected to calcination and reduction treatment for obtaining Ag/SBA-15 nanocomposite. Characterizations with XRD and TEM show that Ag nanoparticles (with sizes of 3-7nm) or nanowires (5-9nm in width and tens of nanometers to several micrometers in length) are formed in the nanochannels of SBA-15 support. It is demonstrated that SCFD is a green and effective method for preparation of nanocomposite. With the aid of cosolvent, the supercritical carbon dioxide can dissolve the inorganic metallic salts. Moreover, the morphologies of the nanocomposite can be controlled to some extent by selecting the deposition conditions. A catalytic test on the Ag/SBA-15 nanocomposite shows that the sample has a moderate activity, with the complete conversion of CO at 300℃.

Transient temperature field of three kinds of C/C composites with different carbon matrix was simulated by means of finite element software ANSYSY during braking and was validated by braking test. The simulation results are consistent with the experiment data and high thermal gradient appears in the axis direction of the samples. The temperature field of the sample with resin-derived carbon matrix is similar to that of the sample with rough laminar (RL) pyrolytic carbon, while maximum temperature (T_max) and thermal gradient of the sample with resin-derived carbon are higher than those of the sample with RL pyrolytic carbon. The T_max and thermal gradient of the sample with smooth laminar (SL) pyrolytic carbon are the least, and it’s temperature rises to the maximum more slower. The transient temperature field of C/C composites is decided by their friction and thermal properties. With the braking power increasing，the T_max rises and the time to the T_max is shorten. Good thermal properties will improve the thermal transfer and reduce the thermal gradient.

The spherical nanocrystal LiFePO₄/C and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C are synthesized via “controlled crystallization” and “outer gel” technics, respectively. XRD, SEM, BET testing and the determination of the electrochemical properties show that the LiFePO₄/C and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C particles are spherical nanocrystals. The products exhibit great specific surface area. The tap-densities of spherical LiFePO₄/C and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C powders are as high as 1.25 and 1.71g/cm³, respectively. The initial discharge specific capacities of the LiFePO₄/C and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C reach 144.0 and 144.2mAh/g at 1C rate. The materials also exhibit excellent cycle performance. A 1.8 V lithium-ion battery composed of LiFePO₄/C and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C shows a quite flat operating voltage of 1.8V with excellent cycleability.

5LiFePO₄·Li₃V₂(PO₄)3 was synthesized via calcining amorphous 5LiFePO₄·Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ obtained through lithiation of FePO₄·xH₂O and V₂O₅ by using oxalic acid as a novel reducing agent at room temperature. The crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the products were investigated. The results show that the sample synthesized at 650℃ for 12h has fine particle sizes of 100-200nm with homogenous sizes distribution. Electrochemical measurement results indicate that the material exhibites high rate characteristic and high discharge capacity of 158mAh/g (theoretic capacity 156.8mAh/g) and 114mAh/g at 1C and 10C rate, respectively. There is no obvious capacity fade observed after 100 cycles at 10C rate. The electrochemical performance of composite cathode material 5LiFePO₄·Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is better than that of individual cathode material, such as LiFePO₄ and Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃.

Amorphous carbon-coated nano-scale SnO₂ powders were prepared by pyrolyzing the mixtures of starch and Sn(OH)_4. The structure, morphology and properties of the sample were investigated by XRD, SEM，TEM，STEM-EDX and discharge-charge cycle. The results of XRD, SEM, TEM and STEM-EDX show that amorphous carbon of the sample is flaky and amorphous Carbon-coated SnO₂ particles (20-50nm) are distributed in amorphous carbon uniformly. The results of discharge-charge cycle show that the different proportions between SnO₂ and amorphous carbon lead to different discharge-charge performances. The specific capacity of the sample (SnO₂∶C＝1∶1) reaches 404mAh/g which is even stable in twentieth cycle.

Sm-doped CeO₂-Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) electrolyte powders were prepared by using glycine-nitrate process, solid-state process and citric-nitrate process, respectively. These three kinds of SDC powders were deposited onto the NiO-SDC anode substrates by colloidal spray coating technique. The single cell was completed after screen printing the BSCF cathode on the SDC electrolyte film. The performance of the single cell was tested by the CHI604B electrochemical work station. The granularity distribution of the SDC powders was analyzed by the HORIBA LA-920 and the microstructure of the cell was investigated by SEM. Results show that SDC electrolyte powders made by citric-nitrate process is content with the colloidal spray coating technique for SOFCS.

The hydrogen storage alloy V₃TiNi_0.56Al_0.2 was prepared by self-propagation at high temperature and its structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Its electrochemical properties including the activation property, maximum discharge capacity and high rate discharge ability were evaluated after annealed at 1173K and 1573K by model cell and cycling voltammetry. The results show that after annealing, the diffraction intensities for TiNi in the alloy are weaken with the structure distribution of the alloy being more even and the grains of the alloy being bigger. The charge and discharge cycling stability and the high rate discharge of the alloys are improved by annealing. The maximum discharging capacity of the annealed alloy is not lower than that of the as-cast alloy (350mAh/g), while their cycling stability is improved markedly. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient of the alloy is increased as the annealing temperature increasing.

SiO₂ colloidal template was prepared through Stober method, followed by gravitational sedimentation. Hydroxyapatite(HA) with highly ordered three-dimensional pores was fabricated through infiltrating the template with HA precursor, sintering and then removing the template by immersing in NaOH solution. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The effects of the concentration and amount of HA precursor, and the time of immersion in NaOH solution on the preparation technique, the porous structure and the porosity were investigated. The results show that the Zeta potential of SiO₂ spheres increase after surface modification by H₂O₂, thus improving the order degree of the silica colloidal template. The sizes of SiO₂ colloid spheres and the pores formed by dissolved spheres are about 250nm and 200nm, respectively. There are a great number of micro-pores with dimension of 20nm on the wall of the HA pore formed by removing SiO₂ spheres. The well-ordered HA with three-dimension pores are fabricated on the condition that the HA precursor concentration is 0.8mol/L, the volume ratio of HA precursor to the whole template is 30%, immersion in 4mol/L NaOH solution for 3d.

CaCO₃ nanostructured porous hollow microspheres were synthesized using CaCl₂, Na₂CO₃, SDS in aqueous solution at room temperature. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The drug loading and release properties of CaCO₃ nanostructured porous hollow microspheres were investigated in artificial gastric juice (pH＝1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH＝7.4). Ibuprofen (IBU) was used as a model drug. The drug delivery system constructed by IBU/CaCO₃ porous hollow microspheres exhibits high drug loading capacity and good drug release property. The IBU loading amount reaches 195mg/g and its release time can last for more than 53h. In comparison, the IBU loading amount reaches 130mg/g in thermally treated CaCO₃ hollow microspheres in which SDS is eliminated, and the drug release time can reach 40h when IBU release percentage is 100%. The produced CaCO₃ nanostructured porous hollow microspheres have the potential application in the sustained drug delivery.

MgAlZnFeCe hydrotalcite-like precursors were prepared by a hydrothermal method using MgO as magnesium resource and pseudoboehmite as aluminum resource, and using metal chlorides of Zn,Fe and Ce as catalytic additives. MgAlZnFeCe complex oxides were prepared by decomposition of MgAlZnFeCe hydrotalcite-like precursors at 700℃ for 6h, which were used for the removal of SO_x from FCC flue gas. XRD, TG-DTA analysis show that hydrotalcite-like compound is the major component while the minor phase is Mg(OH)₂ as the impure phase. The results of SO_x adsorption-reduction test show that the novel catalyst MgAlZnFeCe-LDO reaches 1.16g/g of total saturation adsorption capacity in 10min in the condition similar to that of a typical FCC, which achieves high oxidative adsorption rate, short saturation time, and large reductive capacity. 

Microstructures-evolution of the boron carbide ceramic sample during sintering process was investigated by synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography (SR-CT) technique. The projection images of the sample were obtained during sintering process in real-time. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstructed images were obtained by treating the projection images of different sintering periods with filter back projection arithmetic and digital image processing method. From the reconstructed images, three sintering stages of the boron carbide ceramic sample were clearly distinguished and several sintering phenomenon during the sintering process such as grain contact, sintering neck growth and pore spheroidization were observed. Densification rate of sintering process was analyzed from the porosity-sintering time and porosity-time Logarithm curves which were obtained from reconstructed images of boron carbide ceramic sample at different sintering time. Three sintering stages and linear relationship between porosity and time Logarithm in the middle stage of sintering which were described in the traditional sintering theories were clearly observed from the porosity-sintering time and porosity-time Logarithm curves. The experiment results are in concordance with the sintering theory and provide an effective experimental data for analysis the sintering process and the mechanical characteristics of ceramics in further .

The supported catalyst of water gas shift reaction (WGSR) at low temperature, CuO+ZnO/CeO₂/ Al₂O₃, was prepared using spherical alumina (φ3mm) and the incipient wetness technique for impregnation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering spectroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to characterize the chemical composition, bonded state of surface elements and surface morphology of CuO+ZnO/CeO₂/Al₂O₃. The catalytic activity of CuO+ZnO/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ in WGSR at low temperature was measured. On the basis of the network constructed from the surface morphology of CuO+ZnO/CeO₂/Al₂O₃, the topological structure parameters and network synchronism were calculated. Results of the calculations show that the node connectivity of the surface morphology network follow a power-law distribution, and that the network synchronism is increased after CuO+ZnO/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyzes WGSR at low temperature. 

Using Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O，ZrOCl₂·8H₂O and Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O as raw materials, NiO/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ and NiO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/A₂O₃ composite catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method. Structures of the composite catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscope. Results indicate that NiO phase in NiO/CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts disappears above 600℃ because it interact with γ-Al₂O₃ to form NiAl₂O₄ spinel. However, no NiAl₂O₄ spinel is found in NiO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts annealed at 700℃ due to the formation of Zr_0.30Ce_0.45Al_0.25O_1.87 solid solution.

Using methanol as solvent, cupric acetate, yttrium acetate and barium acetate as starting materials, and diethylenetriamine, trifluoroacetic acid, acrylic acid(AA) as chemical additives, the photosensitive YBCO sols and gel films were fabricated by the sol-gel method. The UV absorption peak of the sols and gel films is located at about 250nm, which corresponds to the cuprate complex. The intensity of the absorption peak for the gel films gradually decreases under the UV light irradiation, and the solubility of gel films in some organic solvent as methanol is changed, showing the photosensitivity of the gel films. Utilizing the photosensitivity, the YBCO gel films are irradiated by UV light through a pattern mask and leached by methanol. Thus the fine patterning of YBCO gel film is prepared. After heat treatment, the fine patterning of YBCO film with highly c-axis oriented structure and superconducting transition temperature (T_C) of 92K can be obtained.

Based on the SHS reaction of Ti-B₄C-sucrose system, Ti(C, N)-TiB₂ ceramic preforms were prepared by self-reactive spray forming technology. The characters of combustion and SHS reaction during the spray process were investigated by water-quenching experiments and collision experiments. The results show that during the spray process, the sprayed particles transform into ceramic beads after the process of heating, surface melting and reacting. The reaction begins with the melting of titanium. And the nitridation and oxidation of titanium go with the whole spray process. Each sprayed particle acts as an individual reactive unit, and there is no macro combustion wave and surface moving in the system. Each particle reacts and transforms in the different time by its own flight track. The transforming extent of the sprayed particles depends on their temperature and size. The sprayed particles with optimal size and high temperature can all transform into ceramic beads. The relative density, micro-hardness and fracture toughness of the sprayed preforms are 97.7%,HV_0.2 2029 and 6.0MPa·m^1/2 respectively.

Aluminum titanate powder was synthesized by nonhydrolytic and hydrolytic sol-gel method, respectively. The sol-gel process, the phase transformation and the sintering properties of powders were studied by TG-DTA, XRD, FT-IR and SEM analysis. The results show that during the hydrolytic sol-gel process, the Al³⁺ ions mostly exist in the interspace of Ti—O—Ti network. As a result, only rutile and corundum are separated from the hydrolytic gel, the Al₂TiO5 has to be synthesized at 1350℃. Comparatively, the gel network is formed through the polymerization reaction of Al³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ ions in nonhydrolytic sol-gel process, these ions occupy the similar position to build the gel network together. Therefore, the armorphous phase is directly crystallized at 750℃ as aluminum titanate. The particle size and specific surface area of Al₂TiO₅ powders prepared by hydrolytic sol-gel method are 1－2μm and 3.2m²/g. It is dropped to 0.1－0.3μm under nonhydrolytic sol-gel method, while the specific surface area of the powders is 35 times of hydrolytic sol-gel sample. The bending strength of the sintered Al₂TiO₅ ceramic prepared by nonhydrolytic sol-gel method is 2.3 times of hydrolytic sol-gel sample, which is only 7.2MPa. It indicates that the properties of Al₂TiO₅ powders prepared by nonhydrolytic sol-gel method are better than that of hydrolytic sol-gel sample.

91.5Ti-8.5Si (wt%) and 22Ti-78Si(wt%) eutectic brazes with fine structure were prepared by means of the non-consumable arc-melting technology. Wetting behavior and interfacial reactions of two kinds of brazes on silicon carbide (SiC) were investigated by using the sessile drop method in vacuum at 1400℃ for 10min. The results indicate that two kinds of the brazes exhibit good wettability to SiC ceramic, and their contact angles are about 10°and 25°, respectively. After wetting, separation occurs between 91.5Ti-8.5Si (wt%) and SiC, but adhesion is good between 22Ti-78Si (wt%) and SiC. At wetting temperature system, bending strength of the joint of SiC/22Ti-78Si (wt%) /SiC with the braze thickness of 0.2mm, may reach 72MPa by tentative joining. Microstructure, phase composition and melting temperature of two kinds of the brazes and the interface of the brazes / SiC are examined by SEM, EDS, XRD and DSC, etc. Relationship between wettability of the brazes on SiC ceramic and interfacial reactions are investigated.