Journal of Inorganic Materials ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (1): 32-42.DOI: 10.15541/jim20220384
• Topical Section: Anti-epidemic Biomaterials (Contributing Editor: YANG Yong) • Previous Articles Next Articles
LIU Yao1,2(
), YOU Xunhai1,3, ZHAO Bing1,3, LUO Xiaoying4(), CHEN Xing1,2,3()
Received:2022-07-04
Revised:2022-08-18
Published:2022-09-15
Online:2022-09-15
Contact:
CHEN Xing, professor. E-mail: xingchen@hfut.edu.cn;About author:LIU Yao (1993-), female, PhD candidate. E-mail: 18691965261@163.com
Supported by:CLC Number:
LIU Yao, YOU Xunhai, ZHAO Bing, LUO Xiaoying, CHEN Xing. Functional Nanomaterials for Electrochemical SRAS-CoV-2 Biosensors: a Review[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(1): 32-42.
Fig. 1 Structure of SARS-CoV-2
| Detection method | Time/h | Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reverse transcrition-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | 4-6 | High sensitivity and reliability Low cost Versatility in sample types | Special instruments Complicated operation Time-consuming |
| Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | 1-3 | Simple operation Low price Fast detection | Low specificity Suitability only for the late stage of the disease |
| Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) | <1 | Simple construction Good repeatability | Specialized SERS active substrates |
| Electrochemical detection | <1 | Lower cost Simpler construction Higher specificity Relatively lower sensitivity | Lower clinical trial accuracy |
Table 1 Comparison of detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection
| Detection method | Time/h | Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reverse transcrition-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | 4-6 | High sensitivity and reliability Low cost Versatility in sample types | Special instruments Complicated operation Time-consuming |
| Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | 1-3 | Simple operation Low price Fast detection | Low specificity Suitability only for the late stage of the disease |
| Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) | <1 | Simple construction Good repeatability | Specialized SERS active substrates |
| Electrochemical detection | <1 | Lower cost Simpler construction Higher specificity Relatively lower sensitivity | Lower clinical trial accuracy |
Fig. 2 Electrochemical biosensors based on gold nanomaterials for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (a) Schematic diagram of probe DNA fixation and target nucleotide hybridization on gold electrode[46]; (b) SEM images of 3D gold nanoneedle structures[47];(c-e) Square wave stripping voltammetric response and corresponding calibration plots of 3D gold nanoneedle modified electrode toward S and ORF1ab genes[47]; (f) SEM and (g) TEM images of PEDOT/AuNPs/AG[48]; (h-i) Nyquist plots and corresponding calibration plots of the PEDOT/AuNPs/AG/BSA modified electrode toward different positive serum concentrations[48]
Fig. 3 Metal oxide nanomaterials used in electrochemical sensors to detect SARS-CoV-2 (a) Schematic of portable electrochemical biosensor based on probe recognition technology for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA[6]; (b) DPV curves for different concentrations of artificial target for the SARS-CoV-2 biosensor[6]; (c) Resulting calibration plot for lgC vs. DPV response signals[6]; (d) SEM image of the Co-functionalized TNTs[49]; (e) Amperometry response curves of Co-TNT on SARS-CoV-2 S protein of different concentrations[49]; (f) Amperometry response curves of Co-TNT sensor upon exposure to SARS-CoV-2 S protein of different concentrations[49]; (g) FESEM image of antibodies being deposited on ZnO/rGO[5]; (h-i) Nyquist plots and corresponding calibration curve of the ZnO/rGO modified electrode towards N-protein[5] ; Colorful figures are available on website
Fig. 4 Electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (a) Schematic diagram of CBs modified SPE for SARS-CoV-2 detection[50]; (b, c) Electrochemical response signal and corresponding calibration curves of the CBs modified SPE towards S (b) and N (c) protein[50]; (d) Preparation process and SEM image of functionalized carbon nanofiber (CNF) [51]; (e, f) Square wave voltammetric respond (e) and corresponding calibration curves (f) of the the functionalized CNF modified electrode towards nucleocapsid protein at different concentrations[51]; CBs: Carbon black nanomaterials; SPE: Screen printing electrodes; EDC/NHS: 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydro/N-Hydroxy succinimide; Colorful figures are available on website
Fig. 5 Graphene nanocomposites used in electrochemical sensors to detect SARS-CoV-2 (a) Schematic diagram of functionalized graphene connected to the corresponding bioreceptors by covalent bonds[52]; (b, c) DPV respond (b) and Nyquist diagram (c) of the electrode at different steps[52]; (d) Surface modification process of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets by carboxyl functionalization[55]; (e) Continuous detection of neo-coronavirus S protein after sensor regeneration[55]. CAb: Capture antibody; DAb: Detector antibody; PI: Polyimide; BSA: Bovine serum albumin: PBA: 1-Pyrenebutyric acid; Fc: Fragment crystallizable; Fab: Fragment of antigen binding; M: mol/L; Colorful figures are available on website
Fig. 6 Paper-based electrochemical biosensor for diagnosing COVID-19[59] (a) Schematic illustration of the detection procedure of COVID-19; (b) SEM image of the corresponding cross-sectional of GO modified paper; (c, d) Square wave stripping voltammetric responses of SARS-CoV-2 IgG (c) and IgM (d) at different concentrations; (e) linear relationship between Δ current vs logarithmic concentration of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM and their corresponding relationships between Δ current and concentration of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM; Colorful figures are available on website
| Material | Method | Detecting object | Limit of detection | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AuNPs | i-t | RNA or cDNA | N/A | [ |
| Gold nanoneedle | SWV | S gene Orf1ab gene | 5.0×10-18 g·μL-1 6.8×10-18 g·μL-1 | [ |
| AuNPs/PEDOT | EIS | Positive and negative serum sample | N/A | [ |
| Au@Fe3O4/rGO | DPV | RNA | 3×10-18 mol·L-1 | [ |
| Co-TiO2 nanotubes | i-t | RBD | 7×10-10 mol·L-1 | [ |
| ZnO/rGO | EIS | N protein antigens | 2×10-14 g·mL-1 | [ |
| Carbon black nanomaterial | LSV | S protein N protein | 1.9×10-8 g·mL-1 8×10-9 g·mL-1 | [ |
| Laser-engraved graphene | LSV | N-protein, S1-IgM S1-IgG C-reactive protein | N/A | [ |
| AuNPs/rGO | EIS | S1 protein RBD antibodies | 2.8×10-15 mol·L-1 1.69×10-14 mol·L-1 | [ |
| SiO2@UiO-66 | EIS | S protein | 1×10-13 g·mL-1 | [ |
| GO | SWV | IgG IgM | 9.6×10-10 g·mL-1 1.4×10-10 g·mL-1 | [ |
| Au@Pt/MIL-5(Al) | DPV | N-protein | 8.33×10-12 g·mL-1 | [ |
Table 2 Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 detection performance of electrochemical sensors constructed from different nanomaterials
| Material | Method | Detecting object | Limit of detection | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AuNPs | i-t | RNA or cDNA | N/A | [ |
| Gold nanoneedle | SWV | S gene Orf1ab gene | 5.0×10-18 g·μL-1 6.8×10-18 g·μL-1 | [ |
| AuNPs/PEDOT | EIS | Positive and negative serum sample | N/A | [ |
| Au@Fe3O4/rGO | DPV | RNA | 3×10-18 mol·L-1 | [ |
| Co-TiO2 nanotubes | i-t | RBD | 7×10-10 mol·L-1 | [ |
| ZnO/rGO | EIS | N protein antigens | 2×10-14 g·mL-1 | [ |
| Carbon black nanomaterial | LSV | S protein N protein | 1.9×10-8 g·mL-1 8×10-9 g·mL-1 | [ |
| Laser-engraved graphene | LSV | N-protein, S1-IgM S1-IgG C-reactive protein | N/A | [ |
| AuNPs/rGO | EIS | S1 protein RBD antibodies | 2.8×10-15 mol·L-1 1.69×10-14 mol·L-1 | [ |
| SiO2@UiO-66 | EIS | S protein | 1×10-13 g·mL-1 | [ |
| GO | SWV | IgG IgM | 9.6×10-10 g·mL-1 1.4×10-10 g·mL-1 | [ |
| Au@Pt/MIL-5(Al) | DPV | N-protein | 8.33×10-12 g·mL-1 | [ |
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