Research Progress on MXenes: Preparation, Property and Application in Tumor Theranostics

doi:10.15541/jim20210299

Abstract

Abstract:

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have brought about significant technological advancements in the field of biomaterials. Transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes) have a planar structure educed from their corresponding parent MAX phase by selective etching of ‘A’ and further delamination. Since the first MXene was reported in 2011, MXenes now comprise a rapidly growing family of 2D materials, having attracted extensive attention from researchers. Owing to their excellent electronic properties, outstanding photothermal conversion performance, high specific surface area, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity, MXenes have shown a good application prospect in tumor theranostics. This paper reviews substantive findings of the original researches focused on the preparation, property and application in tumor theranotics, including recent advances, challenges and future perspectives of MXenes. Firstly, we briefly summarize the preparation methods and property of MXenes, including HF acid method, fluoride salt method, molten salt method, alkali-assisted hydrothermal method, and chemical vapor deposition method, as well as stability, mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. Secondly, we focus on the application of MXenes in photothermal therapy and combined therapy. The usual method is to combine photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy to carry out multi-modal combined treatment of tumors. The combined therapy can also be improved by constructing surface nanopores of MXenes and loading chemotherapy drugs in them. Furthermore, enhanced MXenes synergistic therapeutic effect on tumor and reduced toxic side effects on normal tissue can be endued by active targeting technology. In addition, the preparation of multifunctional MXenes composite nanomaterials to obtain radiation treatment and imaging capabilities such as computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging, can establish an integrated platform for MXenes theranostics. Finally, we briefly introduced other applications of MXenes in biomedicine which are beneficial to tumor theranostics, and elaborate the current challenges and future development prospects of MXenes in cancer theranostics.

Key words: MXenes, preparation method, tumor theranostics, combined therapy, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

BAI Zhiqiang, ZHAO Lu, BAI Yunfeng, FENG Feng. Research Progress on MXenes: Preparation, Property and Application in Tumor Theranostics[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(4): 361-375.

Figures/Tables 10

References 82

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Preparation method	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
HF acid etching	Simple	Using highly corrosive and harmful HF	[11]
Fluoride salt	Milder reaction conditions; Safer than that of HF acid etching	Difficult to prepare nitride MXenes	[36-37]
Molten salt	Preparing nitride MXenes and preparing MXenes through non-MAX materials	Requiring inert protective gas, under high temperature condition	[19,38]
Alkali assisted hydrothermal	Preparing MXenes without fluorine functional groups	High concentration of NaOH, requiring inert protective gas, under high temperature condition	[39]
Chemical vapor deposition	Precise controlling element composition, size and surface groups	Difficult to prepare large-sized MXenes	[41]

Preparation method	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
HF acid etching	Simple	Using highly corrosive and harmful HF	[11]
Fluoride salt	Milder reaction conditions; Safer than that of HF acid etching	Difficult to prepare nitride MXenes	[36-37]
Molten salt	Preparing nitride MXenes and preparing MXenes through non-MAX materials	Requiring inert protective gas, under high temperature condition	[19,38]
Alkali assisted hydrothermal	Preparing MXenes without fluorine functional groups	High concentration of NaOH, requiring inert protective gas, under high temperature condition	[39]
Chemical vapor deposition	Precise controlling element composition, size and surface groups	Difficult to prepare large-sized MXenes	[41]

MXenes material	First report time	NIR range	Wavelength /nm	Extinction coefficient/(L·g^-1·cm^-1)	Photothermal conversion efficiency/%	NIR power /(W·cm^-2)	Irradiation time /min	Temperature range/℃	Ref.
Ti₃C₂	2016/10	NIR-I	808	25.2	-	0.8	5	23.5-60.0	54
Nb₂C	2017/10	NIR-I	808	37.6	36.5	1.5	5	25.0-60.0	28
Nb₂C	2017/10	NIR-II	1064	35.4	46.65	1.5	5	25.0-60.0	28
Ta₄C₃	2017/11	NIR-I	808	8.67	34.9	2.0	5	32.5-65.0	[27]
Ti₂C	2019/01	NIR-I	808	7.39	87.1	2.0	2	25.5-93.8	[48]
Mo₂C	2019/04	NIR-I	808	18.0	24.5	1.0	10	25.0-57.8	[49]
Mo₂C	2019/04	NIR-II	1064	12.3	43.3	1.0	10	25.0-62.3	[49]
V₂C	2020/01	NIR-I	808	38.3	48.5	0.48	10	24.0-57.9	[50]
Ti₂N	2020/11	NIR-I	808	41.25	48.62	1.0	5	25.0-60.0	[51]
Ti₂N	2020/11	NIR-II	1064	34.92	45.51	1.0	5	25.0-60.0	[51]

MXenes material	First report time	NIR range	Wavelength /nm	Extinction coefficient/(L·g^-1·cm^-1)	Photothermal conversion efficiency/%	NIR power /(W·cm^-2)	Irradiation time /min	Temperature range/℃	Ref.
Ti₃C₂	2016/10	NIR-I	808	25.2	-	0.8	5	23.5-60.0	54
Nb₂C	2017/10	NIR-I	808	37.6	36.5	1.5	5	25.0-60.0	28
Nb₂C	2017/10	NIR-II	1064	35.4	46.65	1.5	5	25.0-60.0	28
Ta₄C₃	2017/11	NIR-I	808	8.67	34.9	2.0	5	32.5-65.0	[27]
Ti₂C	2019/01	NIR-I	808	7.39	87.1	2.0	2	25.5-93.8	[48]
Mo₂C	2019/04	NIR-I	808	18.0	24.5	1.0	10	25.0-57.8	[49]
Mo₂C	2019/04	NIR-II	1064	12.3	43.3	1.0	10	25.0-62.3	[49]
V₂C	2020/01	NIR-I	808	38.3	48.5	0.48	10	24.0-57.9	[50]
Ti₂N	2020/11	NIR-I	808	41.25	48.62	1.0	5	25.0-60.0	[51]
Ti₂N	2020/11	NIR-II	1064	34.92	45.51	1.0	5	25.0-60.0	[51]

MXenes	Report time	Cell lines	Treatment strategy	Diagnosis strategy	Molecule for targeting	Ref.
Ti₃C₂	2016/10	4T1	PTT	-	-	[54]
Ti₃C₂-SP	2016/12	4T1	PTT	-	-	[30]
MnO_x/Ti₃C₂-SP	2017/08	4T1	PTT	PA/MR	-	[64]
Nb₂C-PVP	2017/10	4T1	PTT	PA	-	[28]
Ti₃C₂	2017/10	HeLa/MCF-7/U251/HEK293	PTT	PA	-	[68]
Ti₃C₂-DOX	2017/11	HCT-116	PTT/PDT/CHEMO	-	HA	[29]
MnO_x/Ta₄C₃-SP	2017/11	4T1	PTT	MR/CT/PA	-	[27]
Ta₄C₃-SP	2017/12	4T1	PTT	PA/CT	-	[69]
GdW₁₀@Ti₃C₂	2018/01	4T1	PTT	CT/MR	-	[66]
DOX@Ti₃C₂-SP	2018/02	4T1	PTT/CHEMO	PA	-	[32]
Ta₄C₃-IONP-SP	2018/02	4T1	PTT	CT/MR	-	[62]
DOX@Ti₃C₂@mMSNs- RGD	2018/04	SMMC-7721	PTT/CHEMO	-	RGD	[58]
CTAC@Nb₂C-MSN-PEG-RGD	2018/08	U87	PTT/CHEMO	PA	RGD	[59]
Ti₃C₂@Au	2018/12	4T1	PTT/RT	PA/CT	-	[67]
A@Nb₂C@Si	2019/01	4T1	PTT/CHEMO	PA	-	[60]
Ti₂C	2019/01	A375/HaCaT/MCF-7/MCF-10A	PTT	-	-	[48]
Mo₂C	2019/04	4T1	PTT	-	-	[49]
Mo₂C@C	2019/04	HepG2/HUVEC/IOSE80	PTT/PDT	PA/CT	-	[70]
Au/Ti₃C₂	2019/06	MCF-7	PTT	-	-	[71]
Au/Fe₃O₄/Ti₃C₂	2019/06	MCF-7	PTT	-	-	[71]
MIG(Ti₃C₂-IONP@PEG-GOD)	2019/10	4T1	PTT/CHEMO	MR	-	[65]
Nb₂C-MSNs-SNO	2019/11	4T1	PTT/CHEMO	PA	-	[61]
Ti₂N	2019/11	MCF-7/A365/MCF-10A/HaCaT	PDT	-	-	[72]
V₂C	2020/01	MCF-7	PTT	-	-	[50]
TO-MX(Ti₃C₂/Ti₂O₃)	2020/02	A375/HaCaT/MCF-7/MCF-10A	PDT	-	-	[73]
PVP/Nb₂C	2020/04	4T1	PTT	-	-	[74]
Nb₂C/zein	2020/04	4T1	PTT	-	-	[75]
NMQDs-Ti₃C₂T_x	2020/04	ADSCs/HeLa/MCF-7	PDT/CHEMO	-	-	[76]
Nb₂C/PLL	2020/05	A375/HaCaT	PDT	-	-	[77]
Nb₄C₃/PLL	2020/05	A375/HaCaT	PDT	-	-	[77]
Ti₃C₂@Met@CP	2020/06	MDA-MB-231	PTT/PDT/CHEMO	-	-	[57]
DOX@Ti₃C₂-CoNWs	2020/06	4T1	PTT/CHEMO	-	-	[78]
Ti₃C₂/CA4@PLEL	2020/06	4T1/HUVECs	PTT/CHEMO	-	-	[79]
Ti₂N	2020/11	4T1/U87/293T	PTT	PA	-	[51]
MXene(Ti₃C₂)-DOX	2021/01	HeLa	PTT/PDT/CHEMO	-	-	[80]