Application of Second Harmonic Generation in Characterization of 2D Materials

doi:10.15541/jim20210074

Abstract

Abstract:

As an important branch of nonlinear optics, second harmonic generation (SHG) is becoming one of the most important means to characterize crystal structure. Among various methods of characterization, because of nondestructive detection, high stability, tunability, ultrafast response, polarization sensitivity, versatility and simplicity, SHG is widely used to characterize the structure of two-dimensional (2D) materials. It provides important information for the physical properties and functional applications of 2D materials, as well as greatly promotes the rapid development of basic research on 2D materials. Here, the current state of the art focuses on the recent research work of SHG in 2D material structure characterization. Firstly, the principle of the second harmonic generation is briefly introduced. Then, the second harmonic generation device with femtosecond laser connected to confocal Raman spectrometer is taken as an example to present the mechanism of SHG. Afterwards, the applications of SHG are demonstrated in the thickness of interlayer stacking of 2D materials, the stacking angle between different layers of 2D materials, the grain boundary and the crystal orientation of monolayer 2D materials. The second harmonic intensity is used as a direct and sensitive means to monitor the strain amplitude, and the SHG signal changes are used to track defects in materials. Meanwhile, the importance of multi-dimensional correlation analysis of second harmonic generation, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence in comprehensive and in-depth characterization of materials is also explored. Finally, the potential research directions and prospects based on SHG in material characterization in the future is prospected.

Key words: second harmonic generation, two dimensional materials, nonlinear optics, structural characterization, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

XIA Fangfang, WANG Fakun, HU Hailong, XU Xiang, LI Yang, ZHAI Tianyou. Application of Second Harmonic Generation in Characterization of 2D Materials[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(10): 1022-1030.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram illustrating of the principle of SHG[24]

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram and picture of the experimental setup of SHG

Fig. 3 Characterization of 2D layered crystals with different stacking layers by SHG (a) Side view and top view of atomic structure illustration of typical layered WS2 with 2H and 3R stacking; (b-c) Optical images of 2H and 3R phase WS2; (d-e) SHG intensity of 2H and 3R phase WS2 as a function of layer numbers[40]; (f) SHG intensity of 2H and 3R phase MoS2 as a function of layer numbers[41]

Fig. 4 Characterization of stacking angle between layers by SHG (a) Schematic of SHG process in second harmonic generation of bilayer thin film; (b) Atomic structure of artificially stacked bilayer; (c-d) Optical images for stacked bilayers with different stacking angles and their corresponding SH intensities[42]

Fig. 5 Characterization of the grain boundary and crystal orientation of two-dimensional materials by SHG (a-b) Optical image and SHG image of a polycrystalline monolayer of MoS2 of the same area; (c) Polarized-SHG image showing the crystal orientations[43]; (d) Dark-field SHG imaging of a monolayer MoSe2[44]

Fig. 6 Characterization of the grain boundary by SHG and analysis of grain formation mechanism (a) Optical image and SHG mapping of the flake with boundary; Inset: illustration of the two edges growth at the boundary; (c) Illustration of the armchair directions of the two grains[24]

Fig. 7 Characterization of the strain of 2D materials by SHG (a) Schematic of strain apparatus and SHG process in monolayer MoSe2 under uniaxial tensile strain; (b) SHG spectra under different strain; (c) Evolution of normalized SHG intensity with strain[46]; (d, e) Schematic illustration of two-point bending method and SHG patterns for applied tensile strains of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 0.95%[47]

Fig. 8 Characterization of the defects of 2D materials by SHG (a-c) Optical image, fluorescence image and second harmonic mapping image of monolayer WS2[51]

Fig. 9 Characterization of 2D materials (MoS2/WS2 heterojunction) by SHG combined with photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy (a) Atomic structure diagram; (b-c) Optical image and TEM image; (d, g) SHG intensity and mapping; (e, h) photoluminescence spectra at different positions; (f, i) Corresponding Raman spectra[52]

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