Preparation of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx Composite for Hybrid Capacitive Deionization

doi:10.15541/jim20200243

Abstract

Abstract:

The shortage of fresh water resources resultes from the rapid growth of population and industrial development. Desalination of seawater and brackish water is an effective way to alleviate the freshwater crisis. In this work, the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x composites were prepared by directly calcinating Ti₃C₂T_x for hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI). The results show that the calcination temperature has a significant impact on morphology, structure, electrochemical and desalination behavior of the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x composites. To constitute the full HCDI device, the optimized TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x and acid treated activated carbon (AC) was employed as cathode and anode, respectively. In the constant voltage mode, the salt removal capacity of TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x‖AC reached 23.8 mg·g ^-1 under the cell voltage of 1.2 V in NaCl solution with an initial conductivity of 3000 μS·cm ^-1. After 20 cycles, the capacity retention rate remains at 78%. Besides, through exploring the morphology and crystal texture evolution of TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x electrodes before and after desalination, it is found that the desalination of TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x electrodes may be achieved due to the intercalation of sodium ions into the Ti₃C₂T_x interlayer.

Key words: TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x, anatase TiO₂, capacitive deionization, adsorption, desalination

CLC Number:

O647

XI Wen, LI Haibo. Preparation of TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x Composite for Hybrid Capacitive Deionization[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(3): 283-291.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Calcination process of Ti3AlC2

Fig. 2 Synthesis flowchart of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx composites

Fig. 3 SEM images of Ti3AlC2(A), Ti3C2Tx(B, C), TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350(D), TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450(E) and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-550(F), HRTEM (G) and elemental mapping(H, I) of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450

Fig. 4 XRD patterns (A) of various samples, XRD patterns (B, C) of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx calcined at different temperatures, Raman spectra (D), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (E) and pore size distributions (F) of various samples (A)Ti3AlC2, Ti3C2Tx, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-550; (B-D) Ti3C2Tx and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-550

Table 1 Comparison of specific surface areas, pore sizes and pore volumes of Ti3C2Tx, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-550

Sample	Specific surface area/(m²·g^-1)	Pore size /nm	Pore volume /(cm³·g^-1)
Ti₃C₂T_x	8.542	51.979	0.111
TiO₂-Ti₃C₂T_x-350	23.227	26.394	0.153
TiO₂-Ti₃C₂T_x-450	14.630	41.005	0.150
TiO₂-Ti₃C₂T_x-550	12.324	40.134	0.124

Fig. 5 XPS spectra of Ti3C2Tx, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-550 (A) XPS survey spectra; (B) Ti2p; (C) C1s; (D) O1s

Fig. 6 CV curves(A), GCD(B) and EIS(C) of Ti3C2Tx, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-550 with inset in (C) representing the equivalent circuit

Fig. 7 Desalination performance of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450‖AC device (A, B) Conductivity and current transient of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450‖AC device in NaCl solution with an initial conductivity of 3000 μS·cm-1 at 1.2 V; (C) Salt removal capacity of Ti3C2Tx, TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-350 and TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 at various voltages; (D) Regeneration curves of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450‖AC device

Table 2 Comparison of salt removal capacity among various CDI electrodes

Sample	Specific surface area/(m²·g^-1)	Initial conductivity /(mg·L^-1)	Voltage/V	Desalination capacity/(mg·g^-1)	Ref.
Pre-conditioned Ti₃C₂T_x MXene	-	585.0	-1.2 (discharge potential)	9.19	[42]
Ti₃C₂ MXene	6.0	292.5	1.2	13.00	[39]
Ar plasma modified Ti₃C₂T_x	-	500.0	1.4	26.80	[43]
LiH/HCl-etched Ti₃C₂T_x MXene	2.1	585.0	1.2	67.70	[44]
Porous Ti₃C₂T_x MXene	293.0	10000.0	1.2	45.00	[40]
Porous nitrogen-doped MXene sheets (N-Ti₃C₂T_x)	368.8	5000.0	1.2	43.50±1.70	[45]
TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x-450	14.6	1500.0	1.2	22.00	This work

Fig. 8 SEM (A) and the enlarged (B) images of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 after 20 cycling, XRD patterns(C, D) of TiO2/Ti3C2Tx-450 before and after desalting and regeneration (B) Enlarged image of (A); (D) Enlarged image of (C) within 2θ = 34°-44°

References 46

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Preparation of TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x Composite for Hybrid Capacitive Deionization

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