Research Progress in Calcium Phosphate Microspheres for Bone Defect Repair

doi:10.15541/jim20140010

Abstract

Abstract:

Calcium phosphate ceramic microspheres have attracted many research interests in various application fields, such as separation, catalysis, sensor, tissue engineering and drug delivery, due to their excellent permeability, high surface area ratio, low density and stable mechanical properties. In this paper, current advances of calcium phosphate ceramic microspheres in bone regeneration applications, such as bone tissue engineering and anabolic drug delivery, were comprehensively reviewed. Calcium phosphate ceramic microspheres were classified into four main categories according to their solid, porous, hollow or flow-like structures. The corresponding preparation methods and specific applications were summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of such microspheres were evaluated and future improvements were proposed. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive guide to the design and fabrication of calcium phosphate microspheres aiming at repairing bone defects.

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Key words: calcium phosphate, microspheres, bone defect repair, review

CLC Number:

R318

LI Bo, XU Wen-Feng, LIAO Xiao-Ling. Research Progress in Calcium Phosphate Microspheres for Bone Defect Repair[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2014, 29(10): 1009-1017.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Images of typical calcium phosphate solid microspheres (a) β-TCP microsphere prepared with nitrogen liquid freeze drying method[10]; (b) HA microsphere prepared with CMCS and gel as binder[12]; (c) HA microsphere prepared with emulsion method[13]

Fig. 2 Two typical porous CaP microspheres[18, 23] (a) HA microsphere prepared with alginate salt gel process[18], (b) HA microsphere prepared with spray drying method[23]

Fig. 3 Scheme of calcium phosphate hollow microsphere with bioglass as hard template[27]

Fig. 4 SEM images of hollow HA microsphere with glass as hard template. (a) starting glass microspheres as hard template, (b) external surface of hollow HA microsphere, (c) external surface of hollow HA microsphere at high magnification. (d) SEM image in back-scattered mode of a polished cross section of a hollow hydroxyapatite microsphere, (e) and (f) X-ray maps of Ca(K) and P(K) across the planar section shown in (d)[27]

Fig. 5 Six typical hollow calcium phosphate microspheres prepared with (a) CaCO3/Fe3O4 as hard template[32], (b) yeast as bio- template[33], (c) DCM emulsion method[34], (d) spray drying method[35], (e) microwave-hydrothermal method[37], and (f) electrosprayed method[38], respectively

Fig. 6 Four typical flower-like microspheres prepared with potassium hydrogen tartrate (a)[39], EDTA[40] (b), F- substitution combined with EDTA (c) and citric acid[41] (d) as template, respectively[42]

Fig. 7 Morphology variation of HA crystals from solution at different pH and Ct/Ca mole ratio[42]

Fig. 8 Images of (a) the HA spherules, porous HA tubes, and HA disks fabricated to assemble the novel scaffolds, (b) digital photo shows the implantation of the porous scaffolds at peritoneum pocket[45], (c) photographs of toluidine blue stained spherulite HA-positive assemble scaffold after intramuscular implantation for 3 months[46]. NB represents new bone

Fig. 9 (a, c) H&E and (b, d) von Kossa stained sections of rat calvarial defects implanted for 6 weeks with (a, b) as-prepared hollow HA microspheres (without BMP2) and (c, d) hollow HA microspheres loaded with BMP2 (1 μg per defect). HB represents host (old) bone; NB represents new bone[56]

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