无机材料学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (9): 979-991.DOI: 10.15541/jim20240102
杨鑫1,2,3(), 韩春秋2,4, 曹玥晗2(
), 贺桢2, 周莹1,2(
)
收稿日期:
2024-03-05
修回日期:
2024-04-07
出版日期:
2024-09-20
网络出版日期:
2024-04-19
通讯作者:
曹玥晗, 副研究员. E-mail: yhcao419@163.com;作者简介:
杨鑫(1999-), 男, 硕士研究生. E-mail: yangxin9633@outlook.com
基金资助:
YANG Xin1,2,3(), HAN Chunqiu2,4, CAO Yuehan2(
), HE Zhen2, ZHOU Ying1,2(
)
Received:
2024-03-05
Revised:
2024-04-07
Published:
2024-09-20
Online:
2024-04-19
Contact:
CAO Yuehan, associate professor. E-mail: yhcao419@163.com;About author:
YANG Xin (1999-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: yangxin9633@outlook.com
Supported by:
摘要:
氨不仅是合成化肥的主要原料之一, 而且是一种高能量密度的新型燃料。近年来, 电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨作为一种绿色可持续的合成途径, 具有能源利用率高、碳排放量低等特点, 因此受到了广泛关注, 有望替代高能耗和高碳排放的Haber-Bosch法来高效合成氨。然而, 目前该技术的反应效率、产物选择性以及催化材料稳定性都难以满足应用需求, 迫切需要寻找高效的催化材料, 从而促进电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨技术的进一步发展。近年来, 金属氧化物催化材料在电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨领域展现出良好的催化性能。基于此, 本文综述了金属氧化物电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨的研究进展, 重点概述了电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨的反应机理, 系统介绍了用于电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨的Cu基、Fe基和Ti基等典型催化材料, 以及通过形貌调控、表面重构、氧空位构造、元素掺杂和金属助催化材料负载等策略提高催化反应效率、产物选择性及催化材料稳定性的最新研究进展。最后, 展望了电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨领域面临的挑战及未来的研究方向。
中图分类号:
杨鑫, 韩春秋, 曹玥晗, 贺桢, 周莹. 金属氧化物电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨研究进展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(9): 979-991.
YANG Xin, HAN Chunqiu, CAO Yuehan, HE Zhen, ZHOU Ying. Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Using Metal Oxides[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(9): 979-991.
Catalyst | NH3 yield rate | Faraday efficiency, FE/% | Stability/h | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2-x | 45.00 µmol·h-1·mg-1 | 85.00 | 16.00 | [ |
Ru/TiO2 | 35.35 µmol·h-1·cm-2 | >90.00 | 4.50 | [ |
Pd/TiO2 | 66.00 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 92.00 | 12.00 | [ |
PdCu/TiO2-x | 322.70 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 80.10 | 48.00 | [ |
Co-TiO2/TP | 1127.00 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 98.20 | 24.00 | [ |
Fe2TiO5 | 0.73 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 87.60 | 6.00 | [ |
ZnCr2O4 | 1197.65 μmol·h-1·mg-1 | 90.20 | 15.00 | [ |
Fe2O3 | 328.17 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 69.80 | 5.00 | [ |
Fe3O4/SS | 596.76 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 91.50 | 4.00 | [ |
Cu/Fe3O4 | 10.56 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 100.0 | - | [ |
NiO4 | 1.83 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 94.70 | 72.00 | [ |
Co3O4/NiO | 6.93 μmol·h-1·mg-1 | - | 3.00 | [ |
Cu/Cu2O | 219.80 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 93.90 | 12.00 | [ |
Cu2O | 0.14 mmol·h-1·cm-2 | 99.80 | 20.00 | [ |
PdCu/Cu2O | 190.00 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 94.30 | 12.00 | [ |
CoO NC/graphene | 25.63 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | >98.00 | 6.00 | [ |
Cu/Co3O4 | 1.11 mmol·h-1·cm-2 | 100.70 | 60.00 | [ |
S/Co3O4 | 174.20 μmol·h-1·mg-1 | 89.90 | 7.00 | [ |
Cu/MnOx | 1.72 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 86.20 | 6.00 | [ |
CuO@MnO2/CF | 0.24 mmol·h-1·cm-2 | 94.90 | 10.00 | [ |
表1 用于eNitRR研究的金属氧化物的性能
Table 1 Properties of metal oxides used in the study of eNitRR
Catalyst | NH3 yield rate | Faraday efficiency, FE/% | Stability/h | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2-x | 45.00 µmol·h-1·mg-1 | 85.00 | 16.00 | [ |
Ru/TiO2 | 35.35 µmol·h-1·cm-2 | >90.00 | 4.50 | [ |
Pd/TiO2 | 66.00 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 92.00 | 12.00 | [ |
PdCu/TiO2-x | 322.70 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 80.10 | 48.00 | [ |
Co-TiO2/TP | 1127.00 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 98.20 | 24.00 | [ |
Fe2TiO5 | 0.73 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 87.60 | 6.00 | [ |
ZnCr2O4 | 1197.65 μmol·h-1·mg-1 | 90.20 | 15.00 | [ |
Fe2O3 | 328.17 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 69.80 | 5.00 | [ |
Fe3O4/SS | 596.76 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 91.50 | 4.00 | [ |
Cu/Fe3O4 | 10.56 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 100.0 | - | [ |
NiO4 | 1.83 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 94.70 | 72.00 | [ |
Co3O4/NiO | 6.93 μmol·h-1·mg-1 | - | 3.00 | [ |
Cu/Cu2O | 219.80 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 93.90 | 12.00 | [ |
Cu2O | 0.14 mmol·h-1·cm-2 | 99.80 | 20.00 | [ |
PdCu/Cu2O | 190.00 μmol·h-1·cm-2 | 94.30 | 12.00 | [ |
CoO NC/graphene | 25.63 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | >98.00 | 6.00 | [ |
Cu/Co3O4 | 1.11 mmol·h-1·cm-2 | 100.70 | 60.00 | [ |
S/Co3O4 | 174.20 μmol·h-1·mg-1 | 89.90 | 7.00 | [ |
Cu/MnOx | 1.72 mmol·h-1·mg-1 | 86.20 | 6.00 | [ |
CuO@MnO2/CF | 0.24 mmol·h-1·cm-2 | 94.90 | 10.00 | [ |
图3 Cu/Cu2O NWAs的催化性能[63]
Fig. 3 Catalytic performance of Cu/Cu2O NWAs[63] (a) Nitrate conversion efficiency and FE at different voltages; (b) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of nitrogen sources; (c) Raman spectra; (d) In-situ mass spectrometry spectra; (e) Free energy image
图4 Cu/Cu2O的催化性能表征[51]
Fig. 4 Characterization of catalytic performance of Cu/Cu2O[51] (a) FE of NH3 and NO2− at different potentials; (b) Corresponding NH3 generation rates and bias current densities at different potentials; (c) Potential-induced electrocatalytic reconstruction of Cu2O cube; (d) Free energy diagram
图5 Fe3O4/SS的催化性能表征[48]
Fig. 5 Characterization of catalytic performance of Fe3O4/SS[48] (a) Current density of different product fractions; (b) Ammonia-producing activity of Fe3O4/SS; (c) Cyclic test of Fe3O4/SS at -0.50 V; (d) Free energy diagram
图6 Cu-Fe3O4的催化性能表征[49]
Fig. 6 Characterization of catalytic performance of Cu-Fe3O4[49] (a) NH3 yield and FE of Cu-Fe3O4; (b) Comparison of ammonia yields of different catalytic materials; (c) Free energy diagram
图7 TiO2-x的催化性能表征[40]
Fig. 7 Characterization of catalytic performance of TiO2-x[40] (a) NO3- conversion rates and NH3 FE of TiO2-x; (b) TiO2-x ammonia production cycle test; (c) Differential electrocatalytic mass spectra; (d, e) Free energy diagrams of (d) TiO2 and (e) TiO2-x
图8 PdCu NPs/TiO2-x的催化性能表征[43]
Fig. 8 Characterization of catalytic performance of PdCu NPs/TiO2-x[43] (a) Ammonia production activity and FE of different materials; (b) Product selectivity of different materials; (c, d) Partial crystal orbital layouts of (c) TiO2-x and (d) PdCu NPs/TiO2-x; (e) Density of states diagram; (f) Schematic diagram of catalytic kinetics of the d band center
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