高强度预应力陶瓷的发展与探索

doi:10.15541/jim20190360

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

同步提升陶瓷材料强度及损伤容限是陶瓷发展的核心问题。一百多年前预应力技术大幅提高混凝土和玻璃的弯曲强度, 并在世界上广泛应用以来, 预应力增强陶瓷材料的设计就成为一个百年梦想。本文总结了增强陶瓷的国内外研究进展, 并提出了全新的高强度高损伤容限复合陶瓷的预应力设计及模型, 通过优化表面预应力设计, 在陶瓷构件表面能够形成一层高度压缩应力, 从而阻止裂纹扩展, 并抵消外加拉应力, 达到提高陶瓷的强度及损伤容限的目的。这种预应力设计理论和规程可应用到结构陶瓷、建筑陶瓷和日用陶瓷等不同领域, 具有明显的通用性和广泛性, 且简单、经济, 不受构件尺寸和形状的限制, 因此极具应用前景。

关键词: 预应力设计, 陶瓷, 高强度, 损伤容限, 综述

Abstract:

It is a worldwide challenge to simultaneously improve the strength and damage tolerance of ceramics, which is a core issue in the development of ceramics and a goal pursued by materials scientists. While the pre-stressed design has been widely used to improve the strength of concrete and glass for over a century, a little progress has been made for ceramic materials. In this paper, the research progresses of ceramic reinforcement are summarized, and a new pre-stressed design and model of high strength and high damage tolerance composite ceramics are proposed. The novel design focuses on the generation of residual compressive stresses on the surface of ceramic components to inhibit crack initiation and growth, and offset the external tensile stress, which can be applied to different fields such as structural ceramics, architectural ceramics, domestic ceramics and so on. This simple and economical technique with no limitation of size and shape in ceramic components has great application prospects.

Key words: pre-stressed design, ceramics, strength, damage tolerance, review

中图分类号:

TB332

包亦望,孙熠,旷峰华,李月明,万德田. 高强度预应力陶瓷的发展与探索[J]. 无机材料学报, 2020, 35(4): 399-406.

BAO Yiwang,SUN Yi,KUANG Fenghua,LI Yueming,WAN Detian. Development and Prospects of High Strength Pre-stressed Ceramics[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(4): 399-406.

图/表 8

图1 热压烧结不同系列SiC陶瓷的SEM照片(a~c)及力学性能(d)[25]

Fig. 1 Microstructures of A (a), M (b) and N (c) compacts, and mechanical properties of SiC compacts (d)[25]

表1 不同体积分数纤维对SiC陶瓷机械性能的影响[36]

Table 1 Mechanical properties of composites with different fiber contents[36]

Content of fiber	28vol%	32vol%	43vol%	55vol%
Density /(g·cm^-3)	(2.69±0.01)	(2.55±0.02)	(2.44±0.04)	(2.27±0.03)
Open porosity/ %	(2.47±0.09)	(2.95±0.01)	(4.31±0.04)	(4.85±0.03)
Bending stress/MPa	(198±37)	(259±43)	(325±35)	(500±11)

图2 不同配方陶瓷的SEM照片(a~d)及网状莫来石晶须形成过程示意图(e)[37]

Fig. 2 SEM photomicrographs of different compositions (a-d) and formation process of the mullite whisker network (e)[37] (a) Sample 1; (b) Sample 2; (c) Sample 3; (d) Sample 4

图3 预应力技术在生活中的应用(a~c)及不同增强方式在玻璃中的应力分布图(d)

Fig. 3 Application of prestressing technology (a-c) and stress distribution diagrams in glass (d)

图4 层状复合材料设计及原理示意图(a), 不同参数(层厚、层数等)设计的陶瓷显微结构照片((b)AG3; (c)AG7; (d)AG11; (e)复合材料界面; (f)Al2O3层的显微结构; (g)Al2O3-石墨层的显微结构)及不同层状陶瓷的力学性能(h)[47]

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the laminated composites (a), microstructures of different structural composites (b-g) and mechanical properties of different laminate samples (h)[47] (b) AG3; (c)AG7; (d) AG11; (e) Interface of composite; (f) Microscopic structure of Al2O3 layer; (g) Microscopic structure of Al2O3-graphite layer

图5 预应力陶瓷和无预应力陶瓷的抗冲击行为及抗穿甲对比试验[50]

Fig. 5 Comparisons of impact resistance and armor piercing resistance between pre-stressed and unpre-stressed ceramics[50] (a) Test of impact resistance performance with the nail gun, which could penetrate the steel plate with a thickness of 6 mm; (b) 30 mm-thick aluminum alloy plate penetrated by nail gun; (c) Mushroom-shaped fragments of pre-stressed composite materials fired by ordinary rifle bullets; (d) Morphologies of the armor-piercing incendiary bullets before and after firing at pre-stressed composite materials; (e) Morphology of aluminum alloy pre-stressed ceramics after shooting; (f) Unpre-stressed ceramic materials being crushed and penetrated after shooting; (g) Frontal morphology of pre-stressed composite materials fired by armor-piercing incendiary bullets; (h) Reverse morphology of the pr-estressed composite materials fired by armor-piercing incendiary bullets, which could not penetrate the pre-stressed composite ceramics

图6 预应力复合陶瓷试样残余应力分布示意图

Fig. 6 Schematic of pre-stressing distribution in the ceramic composites

图7 预应力陶瓷样品(a, c)、显微照片(b, d)[51]及Ashby图解(e)[52]

Fig. 7 Pre-stressed ceramics samples(a, c), SEM images(b, d)[51] and Ashby diagram(e)[52] (a, b) Pre-stressed structural ceramics; (c, d) Pre-stressed architectural ceramics

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