石墨的纳米结构组装

doi:10.15541/jim20170011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文在分析石墨微观结构和性能基础上, 综合分析了石墨加工改性方法, 提出了石墨纳米结构组装的概念, 介绍了几种石墨纳米结构组装的方法。通过结构组装, 引入纳米功能粒子, 制造活性功能空间, 合成新型石墨功能材料; 通过制备石墨层间化合物、碳石墨合金等方法引入纳米功能粒子组装碳石墨材料; 通过打开石墨层片, 制备二维层状材料制备纳米石墨烯片, 可以采用氧化活化等制造孔隙结构增加活性空间; 通过调节石墨晶体排布方向减少石墨材料的性能异向性, 提高性能均匀性; 通过石墨结构纳米组装设计, 设计新型石墨功能材料。纳米尺度的石墨加工和改性有可能推动石墨矿物资源的有效利用, 开发新型石墨储能材料和石墨烯片材料。

关键词: 石墨, 石墨烯, 二维层状材料, 纳米组装, 综述

Abstract:

According to microstructural features of graphite, this paper reviewed the processing and dressing methods of graphite and proposed the nanostructured and functionalized engineering concept of graphite principally. The microstructure and properties of graphite could be modified and designed by using several approaches, such as introduction of nanoparticles by both synthesis of graphite intercalation compounds and preparation of graphite alloy. Active functional space for function particles could be induced by pore and porous structure formed through oxidation and activation. It is possible to synthesize graphene like flakes through exfoliation graphite and stripping layered structured graphite, to prepare the layer by layer functional materials. Due to the layered structure, graphite has strong anisotropic properties, which can be decreased by modification of flake direction and then becomes the isotropic graphitic functional materials. It suggests that microstructure design and nanostructured engineering in nanoscale can improve the properties of graphite, and obtain cheaper functional materials from natural graphite by characterization and nanostructure engineering, for wide potential applications, such as energy storage materials and graphene like materials.

Key words: graphite, graphene, layer by layer materials, nanostructure, review

中图分类号:

TD98

传秀云. 石墨的纳米结构组装[J]. 无机材料学报, 2017, 32(11): 1121-1127.

CHUAN Xiu-Yun. Microstructure Design of Graphite in Nanoscale[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2017, 32(11): 1121-1127.

图/表 8

图1 石墨层间化合物(GICs)的结构示意图[15,20]

Fig. 1 Sketch of structure and graphite intercalation compound[15,20](a) Stage structure, ─ graphite layer; ** intercalate; (b) Layered structure

图2 碳-硼-氮合金相图[21]

Fig. 2 Diagram segregation of C-B-N phase[21]

图3 碳-硼-氮体系材料的性能变化示意图

Fig. 3 Sketch change of properties of C-B-N materials

图4 石墨烯的结构示意图[14,16]

Fig. 4 Sketch of graphene structure[14,16](a) Ideal structure of single 2D graphene; (b) Waved graphene surface

图5 石墨层间被打开后形成的膨胀石墨的孔隙结构的SEM照片[11,29]

Fig. 5 SEM images of pore structure of expanded graphite by exfoliation[11,29](a) Expanded graphite by heat treatment; (b) Expanded graphite by microwaved treatment

图6 不同制备方法获得的石墨制品中的石墨的晶体排布特征

Fig. 6 Sketch of graphite crystalline arrangement in graphitic materials by different preparation (a) Aanisotropic polycrystalline graphite; (b) Isotropic and tubostratic stacking polycrystalline graphite

图7 石墨的晶体结构

Fig. 7 Sketch of graphite crystal structure (a) Hexagonal; (b) Trigonal system

图8 天然石墨自然组装形成的球形石墨[39]

Fig. 8 Images of spherical graphite nanostructured naturally[39](a) Actual sample; (b) TEM image

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