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Recent Progress on Bismuth Layer-structured Ferroelectrics
ZHANG Fa-Qiang1,2, LI Yong-Xiang1
1. The Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China (50932007);The Ministry of Science and Technology Project 973(2009CB613305);
Abstract
As an improtant lead-free ferroelectric/piezoelectric system, the past few decades have attracted increasing attention of bismuth layer structured-ferroelectrics (BLSF) due to its comprehensive advantages in the areas of high temperature, high frequency and ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). In this paper, the recent progresses on the study of this system were reviewed. Firstly, as the basic of other researches, the key issues in strucutre design and microstructure study were dicussed in detail. Then special emphasis was put on ferroelectric/ piezoelectric performance and film technology. Additionally, some new research fields that were closely related to ferroelectric were introduced. In the end, the research directions were also extracted according to the authors’ knowledge.
图3 Bi8W2Nb2O23晶粒中规律分布的超位错(a)[25]和SrBi2Ta2O9晶粒中未贯穿的超层错及其引起的系列台阶缺陷(b, c)[26]Fig. 3 HRTEM image of the Bi8W2Nb2O23 grain with regularly distributed super-dislocations(a)[25] and HRTEM images of a broken super-stacking fault and the caused step-like faults in SrBi2Ta2O9 grain(b, c)[26]
图4 Bi3TiNbO9-Bi4Ti3O12(BTN-BiT, 2+3)晶粒中的BTN型层错以及由此引起的新的堆垛周期[32]Fig. 4 HRTEM image of BTN stacking faults in BTN-BiT grain and the caused new orderings[32]
图6 c-轴取向Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12(BLT)多晶薄膜AFM形貌照片(a)和BLT晶粒<010>方向高分辨像(b)[109]Fig. 6 AFM topography image of BLT film (a) and HRTEM image of the BLT grain along <010> direction (b)[109]
图7 Bi4Ti3O12(BiT)、Bi4Ti3O12-2CoLaO3(1B2L)原子分辨率Z衬度像以及1B2L局部EELS面扫(a)和第一性原理计算BiT及Co掺杂BiT结构电子态密度(b)[117]Fig. 7 Atomic resolution Z-contrast STEM images of BiT and 1B2L. The elemental maps of 1B2L for Ti and La visualized by EELS are also shown(a) and the caculated electronic density of states for BiT and Co-doped BiT structure(b)[117]
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Matthew W. Stoltzfus , Patrick M. Woodward ,* Ram Seshadri , † Jae-Hyun Klepeis , ‡ and Bruce Bursten §
<div>Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996</div><div></div>
Three ternary oxides, SnWO4, PbWO4, and BiVO4, containing p-block cations with ns2np0 electron configurations, so-called lone pair cations, have been studied theoretically using density functional theory and UV−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The computations reveal significant differences in the underlying electronic structures that are responsible for the varied crystal chemistry of the lone pair cations. The filled 5s orbitals of the Sn2+ ion interact strongly with the 2p orbitals of oxygen, which leads to a significant destabilization of symmetric structures (scheelite and zircon) favored by electrostatic forces. The destabilizing effect of this interaction can be significantly reduced by lowering the symmetry of the Sn2+ site to enable the antibonding Sn 5s−O 2p states to mix with the unfilled Sn 5p orbitals. This interaction produces a localized, nonbonding state at the top of the valence band that corresponds closely with the classical notion of a stereoactive electron lone pair. In compounds containing Pb2+ and Bi3+ the relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital reduces its interaction with oxygen, effectively diminishing its role in shaping the crystal chemical preferences of these ions. In PbWO4 this leads to a stabilization of the symmetric scheelite structure. In the case of BiVO4 the energy of the Bi 6s orbital is further stabilized. Despite this stabilization, the driving force for a stereoactive lone pair distortion appears to be enhanced. The energies of structures exhibiting distorted Bi3+ environments are competitive with structures that possess symmetric Bi3+ environments. Nevertheless, the “lone pair” that results associated with a distorted Bi3+ environment in BiVO4 is more diffuse than the Sn2+ lone pair in β-SnWO4. Furthermore, the distortion has a much smaller impact on the electronic structure near the Fermi level.
(Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China)
Photocatalysts scould utilize solar energy to remedy environmental pollutions thus attract world wide attention. Some bismuth-containing complex oxides could be activated by visible light and mineralize organic pollutants. In this paper we reviewed recent progresses on the development of Bi2WO6, BiVO4 and Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts. By controlling the particle size, morphology, crystallinity and other microstructures via different methods, the photocatalytic activities in the degradation of organic dyes, colorless model pollutants such as phenol and acetaldehyde, and disinfection of these visible light induced photocatalysts were greatly enhanced. Through further development, bismuth- containing complex oxides are hopeful to be applied in the field of environmental remediation.
Kurt R. Kendall , Carlos Navas , Julie K. Thomas , and Hans-Conrad zur Loye *
<div>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139</div><div></div>
Recent advances in the study of Aurivillius phases (Bi2An-1BnO3n+3, n = 1−5) as oxide ion conductors are presented. The structures of modified Aurivillius phases containing extrinsic oxygen vacancies as well as Aurivillius phases containing intrinsic oxygen vacancies are surveyed. A detailed discussion of the conductivity behavior of these Aurivillius phases is given.
Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA<br/><sup>*</sup>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mails: <!--TODO: clickthrough URL--><a href="mailto:soz1@psu.edu" title="Link to email address" shape="rect">soz1@psu.edu</a> or <!--TODO: clickthrough URL--><a href="mailto:shujunzhang@gmail.com" title="Link to email address" shape="rect">shujunzhang@gmail.com</a>
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Piezoelectric materials that can function at high temperatures without failure are desired for structural health monitoring and/or nondestructive evaluation of the next generation turbines, more efficient jet engines, steam, and nuclear/electrical power plants. The operational temperature range of smart transducers is limited by the sensing capability of the piezoelectric material at elevated temperatures, increased conductivity and mechanical attenuation, variation of the piezoelectric properties with temperature. This article discusses properties relevant to sensor applications, including piezoelectric materials that are commercially available and those that are under development. Compared to ferroelectric polycrystalline materials, piezoelectric single crystals avoid domain-related aging behavior, while possessing high electrical resistivities and low losses, with excellent thermal property stability. Of particular interest is oxyborate [ReCa4O (BO3)3] single crystals for ultrahigh temperature applications (>1000°C). These crystals offer piezoelectric coefficients deff, and electromechanical coupling factors keff, on the order of 3–16 pC/N and 6%–31%, respectively, significantly higher than those values of α-quartz piezocrystals (~2 pC/N and 8%). Furthermore, the absence of phase transitions prior to their melting points ~1500°C, together with ultrahigh electrical resistivities (>106 Ω·cm at 1000°C) and thermal stability of piezoelectric properties (< 20% variations in the range of room temperature ~1000°C), allow potential operation at extreme temperature and harsh environments.
James F. Tressler (1) , Sedat Alkoy (1) , Robert E. Newnham (1)
<span class="position">1.</span><span class="affiliation">Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802</span><br/>
This paper reviews the current trends and historical development of piezoelectric sensors and sensor materials technology. It begins with a discussion of the bases of piezo- and ferroelectric activity, followed by an overview of the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic: lead zirconate titanate (PZT). A discussion of the properties and applications of piezoelectric crystals and additional piezoelectric ceramics is followed by a description of several sensor configurations prepared from bulk ceramics. An extensive review and comparison of piezoelectric ceramic—polymer composite sensors based on the connectivity of the constituent phases is also presented. We conclude our discussion of sensor configurations with recent examples of piezoelectric ceramic—metal composite sensors, and expected future developments in the area of piezoelectric sensors.
Shanghai Institute of Ceramics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200050; China
This paper reviewed the structures and properties of bismuth layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics. The structures of bismuth layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics are built up by the regular intergrowth of (Bi2O2)2+ layers and perovskite (Am-1BmO3m+1)2- slabs where A is a combination of cations adequate for 12-coordinated interstices, B is a combination of cations well suited to octahedral coordinated, and m is an integer usually lying to the range 1-5. By comparison with barium titanate (BaTiO_3) or lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics, the bismuth layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics are characterized by: (1) lower dielectric constant; (2) higher Curie temperature; (3) stronger anisotropy in electromechanical coupling factors; (4) lower ageing rate; (5) higher resistivity; …etc..
Previous studies showed that Curie temperature depends on atomic displacement of polarization cations, spontaneous polarization, bismuth content in the cubooctahedral cavities, and the nature of the substituting cations such as inonic radius, electronegativities and electronic configuration. An essentially weak point of bismuth layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics is low piezoelectric activity which can be solved by chemical substitution or fabrication methods for orientating the grains in ceramics. It is necessary to study the relationships between structures and properties of bismuth layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics in order to develop the materials.
1.Russian Academy of Sciences Grebenschikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry ul. Odoevskogo 24/2 St. Petersburg 199155 Russia ul. Odoevskogo 24/2 St. Petersburg 199155 Russia<br/>
A number of new Bim+1Fem−3TiO3m+3 compounds with integer and fractional m values are identified in the Bi4Ti3O12-BiFeO3 system. All of the compounds are shown to have Aurivillius-type structures. The phase-transition and decomposition temperatures of the new and earlier known compounds of the Bi4Ti3O12-BiFeO3 system are determined. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of the synthesized compounds are evaluated using dilatometry, and their sintering onset temperatures are determined.
<div>Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802</div><div></div>
In recent years, many soft-chemical reactions of layered perovskites have been reported, and they can be classified into sets of similar reactions. Simple ion-exchange and intercalation reactions replace or modify the interlayer cations of layered perovskites, and more complex metathesis reactions replace interlayer cations with cationic structural units. Topochemical condensation reactions that involve dehydration and reduction provide access to a variety of metastable structural features in three-dimensional perovskites, and similar reactions can be used to convert among higher order layered perovskite homologues. Other techniques, such as high pressure and anion intercalation/deintercalation, also yield interesting metastable phases. When combined, the individual reactions complement each other, and a powerful toolbox of solid-state reactions emerges. By using layered perovskites as templates, it is possible to retrosynthetically design new product perovskites that retain the structural features of the precursor layered phases. The toolbox of reactions was used to synthesize a new Ruddlesden−Popper phase, Na2Sr2Nb2MnO10, and to demonstrate the first example of a complete cycle of reactions of layered perovskites. In addition, topochemical dehydration and reduction were combined to synthesize the new A-site defective cubic perovskite Ca0.67Eu1.33La0.67Ti3O9. It should be possible to extend the toolbox to include more complex systems using layer-by-layer assembly of perovskite thin films, which provide access to “made to order” stacking sequences.
Research laboratories, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania<br/>
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Several compounds with m= 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the general formula (Me2′O2)2+ (Mem–1 RmO3m+1)2– were synthesized, a number of them for the first time. They possess a layer-type crystal structure. Bi3+ may be the only suitable ion for the Me′ sites; R may be Gas+, Ti4+, Nb5+, or Ta5+. The restrictions on the size of Me ions increases with increasing value of m. Lattice parameter data for the compounds and indexed X-ray powder patterns for m= 5 compounds are presented.
... Subbarao[16]研究发现, 当m=2、4和5时, t值范围分别为0 ...
1
1973
1.527
0.0
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 1973, 34(12):null-null
1.Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Politekhnicheskaya ul. 26, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia<br/>2.St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 190013 Russia<br/>
Specific features of the thermal behavior of Bim + 1Fem−3Ti3O3m + 3 layered perovskite-like compounds (where m takes integer and some fractional values between 3 and 9) were considered, and the temperature limits of stability of these compounds were determined. The phase diagram of the Bi4Ti3O12-BiFeO3 section through the Bi2O3-TiO2-Fe2O3 system was constructed.
1.Grebenshchikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences<br/>
New ferroelectric compounds with a layered perovskite-like structure are obtained in the Bi4Ti3O12–BiFeO3 system. The mechanism of the formation of Am – 1Bi2MmO3m + 3 compounds by solid-state reactions is discussed.
<p><sup>1</sup>Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan<br/><sup>2</sup>PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan<br/></p>
Superlattice-structured Bi4Ti3O12-BaBi4Ti4O15 (BiT-BBTi) ceramics and single crystals were prepared, and their crystal structure and polarization properties were compared with those of constituent BiT and BBTi. The Curie temperature (TC) of the BiT-BBTi crystals was 540°C, which was 40°C higher than that of the BiT-BBTi ceramics with the stoichiometric composition. The BiT-BBTi ceramics had a remanent polarization (Pr) of 12 µC/cm2, while the spontaneous polarization (Ps) along the a axis of the BiT-BBTi crystals was 52 µC/cm2, which was larger than those of BiT and BBTi crystals. The large Ps observed for the BiT-BBTi crystals is suggested to originate from the ferroelectric displacements of the Bi of Bi2O2 layers as well as from the Bi substitution for Ba induced by compositional deviation.
<li><span class="position">1.</span><span class="affiliation">State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China</span></li><li><span class="position">2.</span><span class="affiliation">Graduate School Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100039, China</span></li><li><span class="position">3.</span><span class="affiliation">Department of Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia</span></li>
Abstract A series of intergrowth bismuth-layered ferroelectric Bi7Ti4NbO21 materials are reactive-sintered at 1050 to 1150 °C from Bi3TiNbO9 and Bi4Ti3O12 parent phases to infer their structural characters and microstructure relations. Various types of stacking faults are revealed in the intergrowth structure with extra Bi3TiNbO9 or Bi4Ti3O12 layer(s) by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; some faults with even spacing form locally new intergrowths of Bi10Ti5Nb2O30 and Bi11Ti7NbO33. Co-growth of Bi7Ti4NbO21 epitaxially grown onto the remaining Bi4Ti3O12 grains is found in the low temperature sintered samples, while the Bi4Ti3O12 co-growth onto the intergrowth grains is also found in the high temperature samples. Both co-growths are created from intergranular melts during a solution-precipitation process, which is consistent with the anisotropic growth of the intergrowth structure and the presence of a Bi-rich intergranular phase. The populations of different stacking faults are found to decrease with the increase of their thickness and also with the increase of sintering temperature, indicating that they are remnants survived from dissolution to imbed via precipitation into the intergrowth structure, which should be created from the smaller but much abundant one-layered remnants of the parent phases. This leads to a new model of structural reorganization by such one-layered units to form the intergrowth structure in this solution-precipitation process. Such incomplete dissolution is initiated by the preferential melting of interleaved [Bi2O2]2+ sheets to enable the exfoliation of perovskite layers to re-order into the intergrowth structure. This reorganization model re-defines the reactive sintering as an evolution process of Bismuth-layered structures.
(1. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; 2. The Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)
In intergrowth bismuth-layered compound Bi7Ti4NbO21, growth defects, such as disordered intergrowth with extra layers of Bi4Ti3O12 or Bi3NbTiO9 constituent sub-structures, or as the co-growth of Bi7Ti4NbO21 onto Bi4Ti3O12 grains, were frequently observed using high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM)[1]. In order to further find evidence to support the re-ordering picture that was proposed to explain formation of the intergrowth and associated defects, we employ the low- and medium-resolution high-angle annular-dark-field (HAADF) imaging combined with the quantitative energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDXS) analysis to probe into a heavily defected intergrowth structure. A gradual transformation from the ordered intergrowth of both sub-structures to the dominance of Bi4Ti3O12 sub-structure was observed. A substantial level of Nb solution could be detected in n-layered (n≥2) Bi4Ti3O12 sub-structure by spatially-resolved compositional quantification to differentiate the contribution from the adjacent single Bi3NbTiO9 layer. The presence of a finite Nb concentration in the Bi4Ti3O12 sub-structure indicates a substantial and uniform cations inter-change occurred between the two sub-structures, which is inherited most likely from the parent phases via the partially dissolved sintering melts[1].
<span class="position">1.</span><span class="affiliation">Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Materials Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, 560 012, Bangalore, India</span><br/>
An increasing number of inorganic solids forming long-period structures due to recurrent intergrowth of two chemically distinct but structurally related units are getting to be known in recent years. These novel structures have given rise to new chemistry at solid-solid interfaces. Besides intergrowth structures with long-range order, many solids with random intergrowth (similar to stacking faults in polytypes) are known. Ordered integrowth gives rise to homologous series of structures in many systems. Barium ferrites, the Aurivillius family of oxides and other perovskite-related oxides, siliconiobates, and tungsten oxide bronzes are some of the systems exhibiting ordered intergrowth structures. Both ordered and disordered intergrowths are fruitfully investigated by high resolution electron microscopy. The main emphasis in this article is on intergrowth structures where the component units are compositionally different. These systems are obviously most fascinating since compositional change occurs across each interface (intergrowth plane), unlike in polytypic materials where the composition remains constant. Even in ordered intergrowth structures, there is always some disorder. If order in an intergrowth structure does not prevail over large distances, but occurs only over shorter stretches (say, a few repeats of the sequence), it becomes difficult to describe the solid except in terms of the gross composition and where possible, the unit cell dimensions. Structures with occasional intergrowths are found in a variety of materials such asβ-alumina, Magnéli phases, silicates, ferrites and several other oxide systems. In addition to examining the structural features of various intergrowths, the origin of the intergrowth phenomenon is discussed.
Nature is the international weekly journal of science: a magazine style journal that publishes full-length research papers in all disciplines of science, as well as News and Views, reviews, news, features, commentaries, web focuses and more, covering all branches of science and how science impacts upon all aspects of society and life.
<p><sup></sup>Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan<br/><sup>1</sup>Department of Chemistry, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan<br/></p>
(100)/(010)- and (110)-oriented neodymium-substituted Bi4Ti3O12 films were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (101) and (001)RuO2 layers with a rutile structure. Epitaxial growth of the films with an in-plane c-axis orientation was confirmed by several X-ray diffraction measurements. Large remanent polarizations of 31 and 34 µC/cm2 were observed for the (100)/(010)- and (110)-oriented films, respectively. On the basis of the volume fractions of (100)- and (010)-oriented crystal estimated for the (100)/(010)-oriented film by X-ray diffraction, the spontaneous polarization of neodymium-substituted Bi4Ti3O12 along the a-axis was estimated to be 58 µC/cm2 from both kinds of epitaxial films.
1.Chinese Academy of Sciences The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Shanghai 200050 People’s Republic of China<br/>2.Chinese Academy of Sciences Postgraduate School Beijing 100390 People’s Republic of China<br/>
Bi5−xLaxNb3O15 (x = 0– 1.25) ceramics prepared by conventional solid-state reaction were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and dielectric spectroscopy techniques. The XRD analysis indicated single phase solid solution of Bi5−xLaxNb3O15 is formed for x ≤ 1.25. EPMA showed good densification and homogeneous microstructures for the ceramics. With increasing x, the dielectric constant decreases monotonously and can vary from 258 to 158 at 300 kHz. The frequency dependence of dielectric constants indicated these ceramics are promising candidates for high frequency applications.
(1. Shanghai University, Physic Department, Shanghai 200444, China; 2. Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China)
High curie temperature piezoelectric ceramics based on KLa-doped Ca1-x(KLa)x/2Bi2Nb2O9(x=0–0.20) were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method. Crystal structure and microstructures of Ca1-x(KLa)x/2Bi2Nb2O9 ceramics were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD patterns show that the crystal structures are a single phase of bismuth oxide layer structure having general formula (Bi2O2)2+(Am-1BmO3m+1)2- with m = 2. The grains of polished and thermally etched surfaces revealled a plate-liked morphology. The Curie point (Tc) decreases obviously whereas the piezoelectric activity of CBNO ceramics is significantly improved by the doping of potassium and lanthanum. The KLa-doped CBNO materials have an electrical conductivity value 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than undoped samples. The thermal depoling behavior of Ca1-x(KLa)x/2Bi2Nb2O9 ceramics shows that all of them have a high Curie point (Tc≥850℃) and show good resistance to thermal depoling up to temperatures close to their Curie points. The results showed that the excellent properties is obtained in the ceramics with composition of x=0.1, i.e. d33=15.8 pC/N, Tc=870℃ and the DC conductivity is one order of magnitude smaller than that of undoped CBNO. All the results suggest that the doped CaBi2Nb2O9 is a potential material for high temperature sensor.
(State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China)
Ho-doped bismuth titanate (Bi4-xHoxTi3O12) ceramics were prepared by hot-press sintering. The effects of Ho doping on the crystalline phase, density, microstructure and ferroelectric property of the ceramics were investigated. At first, Bi4-xHoxTi3O12(x=0-0.8) powders in the main phase of Bi4Ti3O12 were synthesized from Bi2O3, TiO2 and Ho2O3 micro-powders by solid-state reaction at 900℃. The as-synthesized powders were then sintered by hot-press at 850℃ and 30 MPa to prepare Bi4-xHoxTi3O12 ceramics. With the appropriate Ho doping content of x=0-0.4, single-phased and dense (relative density >99%) Bi4-xHoxTi3O12 ceramics were obtained. The remanent polarization (Pr) of the ceramics increased with Ho doping increasing but decreased at x>0.4, mainly due to the oxygen vacancy concentration and different doping sites. The Bi4-xHoxTi3O12 ceramics have the highest value of 2Pr=13.92 μC/cm2 at x=0.4, which is higher that that of the undoped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics. The result indicates that appropriate Ho doping can improve the ferroelectric property of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics.
(Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen 333001, China)
Bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics Na0.5Bi2.5Nb2O9(NBN+xmol% MnCO3, 0≤x≤10.0) were synthesized by traditional solid state reaction. The effects of Mn addition on the microstructure and electrical properties of ceramics were investigated in detail. The results showed that all the ceramic samples were single-phase ferroelectrics with high Curie points (Tc≥700℃). With the addition of MnCO3, the mechanical quality factor, piezoelectric activity and electromechanical properties of Na0.5Bi2.5Nb2O9-based ceramics are enhanced significantly. Besides, the NBN+8.0mol% MnCO3 ceramic exhibits the optimum electrical properties: tanδ=0.749%, d33=20 pC/N, Qm=3120, kp=12.37%, kt=21.09%, Pr=7.01 μC/cm2. After annealing at 700℃, the d33 value of NBN+8.0mol% MnCO3 ceramic remains 75%(~15 pC/N), which indicates that this ceramic is a promising material for high temperature applications.
State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
Mn-modified CaBi4Ti4O15 (CBT+x mol% MnCO3) layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid state reaction technology. All samples have the same Curie temperature of 780℃, but the dielectric loss at high temperature is remarkably lowered by Mn addition. With increasing content of Mn, the remnant polarization is slightly decreased; the dielectric constant at room temperature decreases from 173 to 162; and the mechanical quality factor increases from 2700 to 4400. The piezoelectric constant d33 is enhanced from 7 to 14.5. The resistivity of 1.0mol% Mn modified sample is found to be 108 Ω·cm at 500℃, 50 times higher than that of pure CBT. The Arrehenius plot of Mn-modified CBT is fitted by 3 straight lines, while that of pure CBT is fitted by 2 straight lines. The results suggest that the Mn modified CBT is a potential material for high temperature sensing application.
Holly S. Shulman † ,Martin Testorf,Dragan Damjanovic andNava Setter †
Laboratoire de Céramique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland<br/>
>
A study was conducted on the effects of microstructure, atmosphere, and several dopants on the electrical conductivity of bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12, BIT). Increased grain size increased the conductivity in undoped BIT as did acceptor dopants that substituted for either Bi (Ca and Sr) or Ti (Fe). A donor dopant (Nb) decreased the conductivity in BIT by as much as 3 orders of magnitude. The increased resistivity of Nb-doped BIT improved the polarization in an electric field. A piezoelectric coefficient, d33, of 20.0 pC/N was achieved with a Nb-doped BIT composition corresponding to Bi4Ti2.86 Nb0.14 O12.
Bismuth titanate (BIT) based ceramics doped with different amounts of WO3 were prepared by a chemical route. BIT compound was obtained by hydroxide coprecipitation method and subsequent treatment at 650 °C. The addition of the dopant was performed after calcination by surface doping using an organometallic W-compound in solution. Different amounts of dopant produce different densification behaviour because of changes in the vacancies concentration and secondary phases. Consequently, the microstructure, as well as the electrical properties, are strongly dependent on the dopant concentration. The presence of a minor amount of secondary phase in the W-doped BIT drastically decreases dielectric losses up to high temperatures allowing the polarization of the ceramics and, in consequence, a relatively good piezoelectric response with d33 constants up to 20.
(Department of Material Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen 333001, China)
Nb-modified Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT+xmol%Nb2O5) layer-structured piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid state reaction method (at the pressure of about 12MPa). The quantity of grain growth along a-b plane is much more than that along c-axis with the increasing amount of Nb2O5. After Nb2O5 doping, the size of grain becomes small and unanimity. The electrical conductivity and dielectric loss are significantly reduced, while relative density, piezoelectric activity and electromechanical properties of Bi4Ti3O12-based ceramics are improved by the modification of Nb2O5. The electrical conductivity of BIT+4.00mol% Nb2O5 (10-13S/cm) decreases by 2 orders of magnitude compared with the undoped one. Besides, the BIT+4.00mol% Nb2O5 ceramic exhibits optimum electrical properties: relative density r=98.7%, tanδ=0.23%, d33=18pC/N, Qm=2804, kp=8.1%, kt=18.6%, Np=2227Hz·m and Nt=2025Hz·m, and the d33 remains 17pC/N after annealing at 600℃, which indicates that the ceramic is a potential material for high temperature applications.
<p><sup></sup>Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo<br/></p>
The effect of grain orientation on the dielectric properties of hot-forged ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics has been investigated and the properties are compared with ordinarily fired ones. The degree of grain orientation f calculated from X-ray diffraction patterns is found to be as large as 0.95. The temperature dependences of the dielectric constant εs and loss tangent tan δ are measured with a Q-meter at 12 MHz in the perpendicular [⊥] and parallel [//] directions to the forging axis, and considerable anisotropies, such as εs[⊥]/εs[//]=5 at the Curie temperature of about 680°C, are seen. The remanent polarization Pr is calculated for both cases of perfect (f=1) and random (f=0) grain orientations. Observed Pr values from hysteresis loops are smaller than calculated ones, the ratio of the former to the latter being about 82% for the hot-forged ceramics.
Z. Shen,J. Liu 1 ,J. Grins 1 ,M. Nygren 1 ,P. Wang 2 ,Y. Kan 2 ,H. Yan 3 andU. Sutter 4
<sup>1</sup>Department of Inorganic Chemistry, BRIIE Center for Inorganic Interfacial Engineering, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden<br/><sup>2</sup>Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050 (P. R. China)<br/><sup>3</sup>Department of Materials, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK<br/><sup>4</sup>Institute for Ceramics in Mechanical Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 7, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany<br/>
<sup>1</sup> Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan<br/><sup>2</sup> Materials Research Institute for Sustainable Development, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan<br/><sup>*</sup>†Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: <!--TODO: clickthrough URL--><a href="mailto:weiwuchen70@hotmail.com" title="Link to email address" shape="rect">weiwuchen70@hotmail.com</a>
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Grain-oriented ferroelectric ceramics are desirable for many applications, but developing a mass-production method for such kinds of ceramics remains a significant challenge. In the current study, we report a convenient approach combining magnetic alignment and gelcasting to prepare grain-oriented ceramics without applied pressure and templates. This method was found to be effective to prepare highly a–b plane-oriented Bi4Ti3O12 ferroelectric ceramics and subsequently enhance the dielectric properties. We used the conventional ceramic process, i.e., solid-state synthesis, gelcasting forming technique, and pressureless sintering except for the application of a 10 T magnetic field. Indeed, such an approach should facilitate the mass production of large and dense grain-oriented ceramic materials.
Dense CaBi4Ti4O15 (CBT) and Na0.475Ca0.05Bi4.475Ti4O15 (NCBT) ceramics with a highly preferred {001} orientation were prepared by the reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) method. Plate-like Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) particles were synthesized by a molten salt technique and used as the reactive template. The template particles were mixed with other oxide and carbonate powders and aligned by tape-casting. During the sintering, oriented CBT and NCBT were formed in situ topotaxially on the oriented BIT particles, and textured CBT and NCBT ceramics were eventually fabricated by the templated grain growth and densification. The Lotgering {001} orientation degree of the textured ceramics exceeded 90% for secondary-laminate sintered specimens. Textured CBT and NCBT ceramics poled in the perpendicular direction to the preferred <001> axis exhibited electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33) and piezoelectric coefficients (d33 and g33) three times higher than the values for nontextured ceramics with the same composition.
Dense CaBi4Ti4O15 (CBT) ceramics with a unique texture were prepared by the reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) method using an extrusion technique. Plate-like Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) particles, a reactive template for CBT, were mixed with other oxide and carbonate powders and unidirectionally aligned by extrusion. During sintering, oriented CBT grains were formed in situ topotaxially on the oriented BIT particles, and the templated grain growth and their densification eventually fabricated textured CBT ceramics. X-ray diffraction measurements and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that the plate-like CBT grains were unidirectionally oriented parallel to the extruding direction without uniaxial alignment. Textured CBT ceramics poled in the extruding direction exhibited electromechanical coupling coefficients (k33) and piezoelectric coefficients (d33 and g33) more than two times as large as one of nontextured ceramics with the same composition.
1. Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; 2. Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Recently, texture technique, which is an effective method to improve the piezoelectric properties of Lead-free ceramics, has been widely investigated and attracted much attention. In this paper, several texture techniques, such as hot processing, oriented consolidation of anisometric particles, templated grain growth, reactive templated grain growth and multi-layer grain growth techniques, and along with their development and applications to Lead-free piezoceramics, are reviewed. The influences of texture processing on microstructure and grain growth mechanisms of textured ceramics are discussed in detail.
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(1. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; 2. Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; <BR>3. The College of Science, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an, 710051, China)
Lead free piezoelectric ceramics with perovskite structure have attracted considerable attention as new piezoelectric materials because of their good piezoelectric properties. In this paper, The research progress and trend of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-based ceramics were summarized and reviewed with emphasizes on the addition of new compositions and sintering aids, ions substitution and processing techniques. The future research works for the developments of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-based lead free piezoelectric ceramics were also suggested.
(1. School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 2. The Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China)
Grain oriented K0.45Na0.55NbO3 (KNN) lead-free piezoceramics with sintering aid K4CuNb8O23 (KCN) were fabricated by screen-printing technique, using plate-like NaNbO3 as templates. The plate-like NaNbO3 template particles were synthesized from bismuth layer-structured Bi2.5Na3.5Nb5O18 precursors by the topochemical micro-crystal conversion method. The textured KNN ceramics showed brick-wall-like grains which aligned parallel to the screen-printing direction. The screen-printed KNN ceramics possessed both a high grain orientation (Lotgering factor f=95%) and a relative high density (92% of theoretical density). The orientation degree and electrical properties of textured (K0.45Na0.55)NbO3 ceramics exhibited anisotropic feature in the parallel (sp//) and perpendicular (sp?) plane. Compared with the random oriented ceramics with same composition, the dielectric constant εr, piezoelectric constant d33, and electromechanical coupling coefficient kp were increased by about 75%, 44% and 42% in sp// plane, respectively, and about 35%, 30% and 35% in sp? plane, respectively. Screen-printing is a simple and effective method for the fabrication of grain oriented lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
The screen-printing multilayer grain growth (MLGG) technique was successfully applied to perovskite-structured lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Highly textured (Na1/2Bi1/2)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with (1 0 0) orientation were firstly fabricated by MLGG method with (or without) template particles. The MLGG approach using anisotropic Bi4Ti3O12 templates resulted in >90% grain orientation, whereas the same approach without template particles resulted in high orientation degree. The grain orientation mechanism of MLGG using screen-printing was different form that of tape-casting and extrusion in templated grain growth (TGG) and reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) techniques. The interface between adjacent layers, which were formed by screen-printing, was the main mechanism for the texture development in MLGG technique. Compared with other grain orientation techniques, screen-printing was a simple, inexpensive and effective method to fabricate grain oriented lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
College of Physics Science and Technology,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225002,China
Multiferroic ceramics of Bi5Fe1-xCo x Ti3O15(x=0.0—0.6) are synthesized by the conventional solid state reaction, and their microstructure,magnetic and ferroelectric properties are investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns show that a four-layer Aurivillius phase is formed in each sample with a suggested structural transformation at heavy doping of Co ions. The Raman results demonstrate that Co ions enter into the lattice,occupy the B-sites in the BFCT-x and have an effect on the order occupancy of cations at B sites. It is found that the Co ion modification induces remarkable ferromagnetism (FM) at room temperature with a greatest remanent magnetization (2M r) of 2.3 memu/g at x=0.5,which is three orders of magnitude larger than that of Bi5Ti3FeO15(BFTO). All samples with Co doping have ferroelectricity (EM). The remanent polarization (2P r) reaches a value of 11 μC/cm2 at x=0.1,which is about 38.2% higher than that of BFTO,and then decreases when 0.2≤x≤0.4 and increases again at x=0.5 and 0.6. Of all materials,the sample of x=0.5 is best in both good FE and FM.
采用了传统的固相烧结工艺制备出Bi5Fe1-xCo x Ti3O15(BFCT-x,x=0.0—0.6)多铁陶瓷样品,研究了Co掺杂对Bi5FeTi3O15(BFTO)微观结构、铁电和磁性能的影响.X射线衍射谱显示样品均已形成四层铋系层状钙钛矿相,且随着掺杂量的增加发生了结构变化.拉曼光谱进一步证实掺入的Co占据了<
<li><span class="position">1.</span><span class="affiliation">College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People’s Republic of China</span></li><li><span class="position">2.</span><span class="affiliation">Laser and Optics Research Center, Department of Physics, US Air Force Academy, Colorado, 80840, USA</span></li>
Abstract The compounds Bi5FeTi3O15 (BFTO) and Bi5Fe0.5Co0.5Ti3O15 (BFCT) were prepared by incorporating BiFeO3 (BFO) and BiFe0.5Co0.5O3 (BFCO) into the host Bi4Ti3O12 (abbreviated as BFTO-1 and BFCT-1) and by the conventional solid-state reaction method (abbreviated as BFTO-2 and BFCT-2). X-ray analysis indicates a four-layer Aurivillius phases with an orthorhombic symmetry. At room temperature, the remnant polarization (2Pr) of BFTO-1, BFTO-2, BFCT-1, and BFCT-2 samples are measured to be 11.0, 3.5, 13, and 6.3 μC/cm2, respectively, and the corresponding remnant magnetization (2Mr) are about 2.72 × 10−3 memu/g, 1.51 × 10−3 memu/g, 7.6 and 2.1 memu/g, respectively. Both BFTO-1 and BFCT-1 samples exhibit the dielectric peaks at around 755 and 772 °C in their ε–T curves, respectively.
(College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China)
Multiferroic Bi5Fe1-xCoxTi3O15 (x = 0~0.6) ceramics were prepared using solid state reaction method. XRD pattern confirmed the single phase in all prepared samples and Raman scattering technique was also used to study the crystal structure. The remanent magnetization (2Mr) is increased to a high value of 2.3 mA·m2/kg with the cobalt content of 0.5. This value is two orders of magnitude greater than that of non-doped one. The promising ferromagnetism is attributed to the coupling arising from local Fe-O-Co clusters as well as the influence of net magnetic moment of Fe-O-Co clusters on the magnetic behavior. The remanent polarization (2Pr) is increased by a small amount of cobalt of 0.1, then decreased with further doing of cobalt up to 0.4, after that, 2Pr is increased again up to a cobalt content of 0.6. The dependence of 2Pr on cobalt content is attributed to the joint effect of lattice distortion, charge compensation and the change of covalent bonding condition.
T. Choi, S. Lee * , Y. J. Choi, V. Kiryukhin, S.-W. Cheong †
Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.<br/><a class="rev-xref" href="#xref-corresp-1-1">↵</a>† To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <a href="mailto:sangc@physics.rutgers.edu">sangc@physics.rutgers.edu</a>
Ferroelectrics may have a bright future for solar-energy generation, following the report that the domain walls of such materials can be engineered to exhibit a photovoltaic effect with an impressively high voltage output.
In conventional solid-state photovoltaics, electron–hole pairs are created by light absorption in a semiconductor and separated by the electric field spaning a micrometre-thick depletion region. The maximum voltage these devices can produce is equal to the semiconductor electronic bandgap. Here, we report the discovery of a fundamentally different mechanism for photovoltaic charge separation, which operates over a distance of 1–2 nm and produces voltages that are significantly higher than the bandgap. The separation happens at previously unobserved nanoscale steps of the electrostatic potential that naturally occur at ferroelectric domain walls in the complex oxide BiFeO3. Electric-field control over domain structure allows the photovoltaic effect to be reversed in polarity or turned off. This new degree of control, and the high voltages produced, may find application in optoelectronic devices.
The recombination of electrons and holes in semiconducting polymer–fullerene blends has been identified as a main cause of energy loss in organic photovoltaic devices. Generally, an external bias voltage is required to efficiently separate the electrons and holes and thus prevent their recombination. Here we show that a large, permanent, internal electric field can be ensured by incorporating a ferroelectric polymer layer into the device, which eliminates the need for an external bias. The electric field, of the order of 50 V μm−1, potentially induced by the ferroelectric layer is tens of times larger than that achievable by the use of electrodes with different work functions. We show that ferroelectric polymer layers enhanced the efficiency of several types of organic photovoltaic device from 1–2% without layers to 4–5% with layers. These enhanced efficiencies are 10–20% higher than those achieved by other methods, such as morphology and electrode work-function optimization. The devices show the unique characteristics of ferroelectric photovoltaic devices with switchable diode polarity and tunable efficiency.
(1. The Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)
Intergrowth bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric Bi7Ti4NbO21 material (iBTN) is a natural super lattice structure with excellent properties. Ferroelectric iBTN and parent compounds Bi3TiNbO9 (BTN) and Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) were studied with first-principles method based on density functional theory (DFT). The band structures and the density of states of different compounds were calculated based on their optimized structures. The enthalpy of formation and band gaps of iBTN, BTN and BiT are -56.21, -30.72, -43.32 eV and 0.796, 2.535, 2.436 eV, respectively. The analysis shows that the intergrowth structure iBTN stays at a thermodynamic metastable state in relative to BTN and BiT. The electronic conductivity of iBTN is mainly depended on the perovskite layers, and the narrowed band gap is attributed to the down shift of the bottom of the conduction band. Detailed partial density of states of iBTN shows that different perovskite layers have different effects on the conduction band which suggests that the electrons choose their transportation channels in this material. This study can improve the understanding of the intergrowth mechanism and the influence between the structure and the electronic properties of iBTN.