Spectroscopic and Yellow Laser Features of Dy3+: Y3Al5O12 Single Crystals

doi:10.15541/jim20220386

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, yellow laser crystals have raised great attentions owing to their comprehensive applications in the fields such as laser display, laser medical treatment, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), Bose-Einstein condensates, and atomic cooling and trapping. With the development of commercial blue light LD, the direct pumping of Dy³⁺ doped laser crystals has realized yellow laser based on its transition ⁴F_9/2→⁶H_13/2. In this work, Dy³⁺: Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (Dy: YAG) crystals with 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0% (atomic fraction) nominal concentration of Dy³⁺ were grown using Czochralski method, the reason of crystal crack was discussed. Based on Judd-Ofelt (J-O) theory, the J-O intensity parameters and utilization, and other laser parameters of Dy: YAG crystals with different doping concentrations were evaluated. The effect of the doping concentration of Dy³⁺on the spectroscopic performances like fluorescence branching ratio, stimulated emission cross-section, quantum efficiency, were analyzed comprehensively. Among all the five crystals, 1.0% Dy: YAG has the largest stimulated emission cross-section for 582 nm yellow emission, an intense fluorescence intensity with the 447 nm excitation, and a longer decay time of 0.823 ms. The fluorescence intensity and stimulated emission cross-section of 2.0% Dy: YAG are slightly less than that of 1.0% Dy: YAG, but the former has a higher absorption coefficient. Hence, the spectroscopic analysis results show that 1.0% and 2.0% are the suitable concentrations of Dy³⁺ ion in YAG crystal for yellow laser operation by diode pumping. The continuous wave laser with peak at 582.5 nm and the maximum output power of 166.8 μW yellow laser operation were realized in 2.0% Dy: YAG crystal.

Key words: YAG crystal, Dy³⁺, crystal growth, fluorescence features, yellow laser

CLC Number:

TN244

YANG Jiaxue, LI Wen, WANG Yan, ZHU Zhaojie, YOU Zhenyu, LI Jianfu, TU Chaoyang. Spectroscopic and Yellow Laser Features of Dy³⁺: Y₃Al₅O₁₂ Single Crystals[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 350-356.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Photos of the as-grown single crystals

Fig. 2 Absorption spectra of Dy: YAG crystals

Table 1 Concentration, effective segregation coefficient and absorption cross-section of Dy3+ in YAG crystal

Crystal	c/% (in atomic)	k_eff	N_c/cm^-3	α/cm^-1	σ_abs/cm²
0.5% Dy: YAG	0.239	0.478	3.31×10¹⁹	0.055	1.66×10^-21
1.0% Dy: YAG	0.479	0.479	6.61×10¹⁹	0.103	1.56×10^-21
2.0% Dy: YAG	0.970	0.485	1.33×10²⁰	0.215	1.61×10^-21
3.0% Dy: YAG	1.427	0.475	1.95×10²⁰	0.338	1.73×10^-21
4.0% Dy: YAG	1.975	0.494	2.69×10²⁰	0.430	1.60×10^-21

Table 2 Experimental line strength, calculated line strength, and J-O intensity parameters of Dy: YAG crystals

⁶H_15/2→	$λ ¯$ /nm	n	0.5%Dy: YAG			1.0%Dy: YAG			2.0%Dy: YAG			3.0%Dy: YAG			4.0%Dy: YAG
⁶H_15/2→	$λ ¯$ /nm	n	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)
⁴M_17/2+⁶P_3/2+ ⁴G_9/2+⁴I_9/2	327	1.89	0.447		0.298	0.460		0.320	0.526		0.323	0.498		0.327	0.467		0.341
⁶P_7/2+⁴I_11/2	353	1.88	0.905		0.723	1.128		0.850	1.371		1.182	1.719		1.454	1.648		1.403
⁶P_5/2+⁴M_19/2	367	1.87	0.733		0.474	0.806		0.511	0.907		0.525	0.898		0.540	0.918		0.560
⁴K_17/2+⁴M_21/2+ ⁴I_13/2+⁴F_7/2	387	1.86	0.651		0.729	0.723		0.793	0.801		0.854	0.851		0.908	0.873		0.925
⁴I_15/2	451	1.85	0.257		0.178	0.253		0.191	0.187		0.191	0.213		0.192	0.227		0.199
⁶F_3/2	755	1.82	0.217		0.158	0.189		0.170	0.202		0.171	0.225		0.173	0.205		0.181
⁶F_5/2	804	1.82	1.083		0.909	1.140		0.975	1.266		0.983	1.252		0.996	1.228		1.039
⁶F_7/2	908	1.82	2.07		2.057	2.361		2.226	2.243		2.328	2.462		2.426	2.565		2.502
⁶H_7/2+⁶F_9/2	1088	1.81	2.577		2.741	2.74		3.022	3.249		3.403	3.480		3.731	3.528		3.767
RMS/(×10^-20, cm²)				0.180			0.230			0.237			0.246			0.226
Ω_t₍_t_{=2, 4, 6)}/(×10^-20, cm²)				Ω₂=0.793 Ω₄=1.284 Ω₆=2.634			Ω₂=0.747 Ω₄=1.520 Ω₆=2.825			Ω₂=0.498 Ω₄=2.155 Ω₆=2.848			Ω₂=0.312 Ω₄=2.674 Ω₆=2.887			Ω₂=0.142 Ω₄=2.573 Ω₆=3.011

Table 2 Experimental line strength, calculated line strength, and J-O intensity parameters of Dy: YAG crystals

⁶H_15/2→	$λ ¯$ /nm	n	0.5%Dy: YAG			1.0%Dy: YAG			2.0%Dy: YAG			3.0%Dy: YAG			4.0%Dy: YAG
⁶H_15/2→	$λ ¯$ /nm	n	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)	S_exp/ (×10^-20, cm²)		S_cal/ (×10^-20, cm²)
⁴M_17/2+⁶P_3/2+ ⁴G_9/2+⁴I_9/2	327	1.89	0.447		0.298	0.460		0.320	0.526		0.323	0.498		0.327	0.467		0.341
⁶P_7/2+⁴I_11/2	353	1.88	0.905		0.723	1.128		0.850	1.371		1.182	1.719		1.454	1.648		1.403
⁶P_5/2+⁴M_19/2	367	1.87	0.733		0.474	0.806		0.511	0.907		0.525	0.898		0.540	0.918		0.560
⁴K_17/2+⁴M_21/2+ ⁴I_13/2+⁴F_7/2	387	1.86	0.651		0.729	0.723		0.793	0.801		0.854	0.851		0.908	0.873		0.925
⁴I_15/2	451	1.85	0.257		0.178	0.253		0.191	0.187		0.191	0.213		0.192	0.227		0.199
⁶F_3/2	755	1.82	0.217		0.158	0.189		0.170	0.202		0.171	0.225		0.173	0.205		0.181
⁶F_5/2	804	1.82	1.083		0.909	1.140		0.975	1.266		0.983	1.252		0.996	1.228		1.039
⁶F_7/2	908	1.82	2.07		2.057	2.361		2.226	2.243		2.328	2.462		2.426	2.565		2.502
⁶H_7/2+⁶F_9/2	1088	1.81	2.577		2.741	2.74		3.022	3.249		3.403	3.480		3.731	3.528		3.767
RMS/(×10^-20, cm²)				0.180			0.230			0.237			0.246			0.226
Ω_t₍_t_{=2, 4, 6)}/(×10^-20, cm²)				Ω₂=0.793 Ω₄=1.284 Ω₆=2.634			Ω₂=0.747 Ω₄=1.520 Ω₆=2.825			Ω₂=0.498 Ω₄=2.155 Ω₆=2.848			Ω₂=0.312 Ω₄=2.674 Ω₆=2.887			Ω₂=0.142 Ω₄=2.573 Ω₆=3.011

Table 3 Spontaneous emission transition rate (A) and fluorescence branching ratio (β) of Dy: YAG crystals

⁴F_9/2→^2S+1L_J	0.5%Dy: YAG		1.0%Dy: YAG		2.0%Dy: YAG		3.0%Dy: YAG		4.0%Dy: YAG
⁴F_9/2→^2S+1L_J	A/s^-1	β/%	A/s^-1	β/%	A/s^-1	β/%	A/s^-1	β/%	A/s^-1	β/%
⁶F_1/2	0.08	0.01	0.10	0.01	0.14	0.01	0.17	0.02	0.16	0.02
⁶F_3/2	0.15	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.17	0.02
⁶F_5/2	1.82	0.20	1.81	0.19	1.54	0.15	1.34	0.13	1.05	0.10
⁶F_7/2	13.63	1.49	14.26	1.46	7.29	1.53	8.21	1.58	8.18	1.57
⁶H_5/2	4.02	0.44	4.58	0.47	5.78	0.58	6.78	0.66	6.67	0.65
⁶H_7/2+⁶F_9/2	54.73	5.96	59.10	6.04	49.39	6.71	56.13	7.19	55.44	7.10
⁶H_9/2	17.78	1.94	18.84	1.93	15.42	1.98	16.34	2.02	16.13	1.99
⁶H_11/2	43.30	4.72	44.21	4.52	25.93	4.26	24.99	4.06	23.05	3.85
⁶H_13/2	456.91	49.79	483.85	49.46	482.81	48.22	486.21	47.34	479.08	46.58
⁶H_15/2	325.23	35.44	351.44	35.92	365.79	36.54	379.80	36.98	392.16	38.13
τ_r/ms	1.090		1.022		0.999		0.974		0.972

Fig. 3 Emission spectra of YAG crystals with different Dy3+ concentrations excited by 447 nm (a) and variation of intensity of 582 nm and 4F9/2 level lifetime with Dy3+ concentrations in Dy: YAG crystals (b)

Table 4 Emission property parameters of Dy3+ in YAG and other crystals

Crystal	τ_r(⁴F_9/2level)/ms	τ(⁴F_9/2level)/ms	σ_emfor yellow emission/(×10^-21, cm²)	σ_emτ/(×10^-21, cm²∙ms)	η/%	Ref.
0.5%Dy: YAG	1.090	0.894	2.36	2.110	82.02	This work
1.0%Dy: YAG	1.022	0.823	2.71	2.230	80.53
2.0%Dy: YAG	0.999	0.688	2.66	1.830	68.87
3.0%Dy: YAG	0.974	0.571	2.54	1.450	58.62
4.0%Dy: YAG	0.972	0.471	2.49	1.170	48.46
1.0%Dy³⁺: Gd₃Ga₃Al₂O₁₂	0.596	0.573	3.20	1.834	96.14	[13]
3.0%Dy³⁺: Lu₂O₃	0.756	0.112	7.10	7.952	14.80	[14]
2.0%Dy³⁺: CeF₃	3.747	1.530	9.259	0.1417	40.83	[17]
1.0%Dy³⁺: GdScO₃	0.650	0.459	4.10	1.882	70.60	[34]
2.0%Dy³⁺: Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂	1.107	0.790	2.62	2.070	71.40	[35]
2.0%Dy³⁺: LaF₃	1.700	1.370	7.00	9.590	80.59	[36]

Fig. 4 Laser spectra (a) and variation of output power with absorbed pump power of 2.0%Dy: YAG crystal (b)

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Spectroscopic and Yellow Laser Features of Dy³⁺: Y₃Al₅O₁₂ Single Crystals

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