Fig. 1 Medmaterials for magnetic resonance imaging [33,35] (a) T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of tumor-bearing mice after intravenous injection of Mn-based nanomaterials; (b) T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of tumor-bearing mice after intravenous injection of iron oxide-based nanomaterials

Fig. 2 Medmaterials for computed tomography imaging [43-44] (a) Computed tomography imaging in vivo before and after intravenous administration of W1.33C nanosheets; (b) Signal intensities of computed tomography imaging and corresponding coronal plane images (inset) before and after intravenous administration; (c) In vivo computed tomography images of tumor-bearing mice before and after injection of copper/manganese silicate nanosphere-coated lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. HU: Hounsfield unit

Fig. 3 Medmaterials for photothermal therapy against cancer[55] Scheme illustrating the NbS2 nanosheets-based photothermal tumor therapy in the first near-infrared and second near-infrared biowindows. PVP: Polyvinyl pyrrolidone

Fig. 4 Medmaterials for photodynamic therapy against cancer[61] Schematic representation of the exogenous irradiation-free photosynthetic bacteria-based system for photodynamic tumor therapy. PDT: Photodynamic therapy; HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor

Fig. 5 Medmaterials for tumor sonodynamic therapy [62] Scheme of the underlying therapeutic mechanism of sonodynamic therapy-based ferroptosis-targeting. NCOA4: Nuclear receptor coactivator 4; US: Ultrasound; SDT: Sonodynamic therapy; PpIX: Protoporphyrin IX; DMT1: Divalent metal transporter 1; STEAPS: Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate

Fig. 6 Medmaterials for tumor immunotherapy[63] Scheme demonstrating the mechanism of chemoimmunotherapeutic approach for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis M1: M1-like macrophages; M2: M2-like macrophages; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; IPI549: Selective PI3Kγ inhibitor verified in multiple tumor models; DC: Dendritic cells; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Fig. 7 Medmaterials for tumor synergistic therapy[74-75] (a) Scheme illustrating the function of GA-Fe(II)/DOX@liposome for reversing drug resistance by ultrasound-augmented nanocatalytic ferroptosis; (b) Schematic illustration of the synergistic enhancement of chemodynamic and sonodynamic therapy mediated by TiO2-Fe3O4 Janus nanosonosensitizers. LPO: Lipid peroxidation; GA: Gallic acid; US: Ultrasound; SDT: Sonodynamic therapy; CDT: Chemodynamic therapy

Fig. 8 Medmaterials for theranostics of ROS-scavenging related diseases and acute kidney injury [101-102] (a) Scheme indicating ROS-scavenging activities of V2C MXene with multiple enzyme-like natures; (b) Scheme representing CaPB nanozymes in the acute kidney injury treatment. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MXene: Transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides; GPx4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; ACSL4: Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4; PTGS2: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; RONS: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Fig. 9 Medmaterials for biosensing[111] Scheme illustrating detection workflow of SARS-CoV-2 using the electrochemical biosensor RCA: Rolling circle amplification; CP MNB: Capture probe-conjugated magnetic bead particle; SiMB: Silica with a redox-dye layer; RP: Reporter probe

Fig. 10 Medmaterials for antibacterial applications[118] (a) Crystal structure of Ti3C2/Bi2S3; (b) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of Ti3C2/Bi2S3 under 808 nm laser irradiation