Piezoelectric Semiconductor Nanomaterials in Sonodynamic Therapy: a Review

doi:10.15541/jim20220158

Abstract

Abstract:

With the development of nanomedicine, utilization of nanomaterials to catalyze the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) under exogenous ultrasound stimulation has attracted widespread attention for disease therapy, which is called sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Currently, development of high-efficiency sonosensitizers that can be used in SDT to improve ROS yield remains one of the most important challenges for current research and future clinical translation. Recently, benefited from the development of piezotronics and piezophototronics, novel sonosensitizers based on piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials have shown promising applications in SDT. In this review, we outline the structures and properties of piezoelectric semiconductors, and introduce the presumed mechanism of SDT with piezoelectric semiconductors. The newest research progresses on using piezoelectric semiconductor as sonosensitizer in cancer treatments and antibacterial applications are summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future development trends in this field are proposed.

Key words: piezoelectric semiconductor, piezoelectric effect, piezophototronics, sonodynamic therapy, cancer, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

HUANG Tian, ZHAO Yunchao, LI Linlin. Piezoelectric Semiconductor Nanomaterials in Sonodynamic Therapy: a Review[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(11): 1170-1180.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Structural characteristics of piezoelectric semiconductors[24] (a,b) Crystal structures of (a) perovskite BaTiO3 and (b) wurtzite ZnO; (c) Influence of stacking on the piezoelectric effect of MoS2 at crystal structure of (i) single-layer, (ii) 2H and (iii) 3R

Fig. 2 Cavitation effect and sonoluminescence (SL)[25] (a) Schematic of cavitation effect with ultrasound; (b) Illustration of SL-excited photocatalysis

Fig. 3 Schematic of piezocatalysis[32] (a) Original electrostatic balance state of a poled piezoelectric material; (b) Charge release and ROS production under stress; (c) Modified electrostatic balance state under maximum stress; (d) Adsorption of charges from the surrounding electrolyte under reduced stress, and the opposite charges in the electrolyte are involved in ROS production

Fig. 4 Influence of piezo-phototronic effect on carrier migration[34] (a) Semiconductor-electrolyte; (b) Metal-semiconductor; (c) Type-II; (d) Z-scheme CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; SC: Semiconductor

Table 1 Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials

Application	Nanomaterial	Frequency/MHz	Power/(W·cm^-2)	Duty ratio/%	Duration/min	Ref.
Cancer treatment	BP	1	1.5	-	10 (4 times)	[39]
	T-BTO	1	1.0	50	10 (3 times)	[40]
	Bi₂MoO₆	0.04	3.0	50	5 (3 times)	[41]
	Au@BP	1	2.0	40	2.5 (4 times)	[42]
	D-ZnO_x:Gd	1	1.0	50	-	[43]
Antibacteria	HNTM-MoS₂	1	1.5	50	15 (Twice)	[45]
Antibacteria	Au@BTO	1	1.5	50	3 (Once)	[46]

Fig. 5 Anti-tumor application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in SDT enhanced by band tilt under ultrasound irradiation[39⇓-41] (a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode

Fig. 6 Efficiency of SDT improved by constructing heterojunction or introducing defects on piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials[42-43] (a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band

Fig. 7 Application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in anti-bacterial[44-45] (a) i: HRTEM image of WS2 NFs, ii: Piezo force microscopy image and 3D piezoelectric potential image of WS2 NFs, iii: •OH and 1O2 were measured by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (EPR), iv: Antibacterial properties of WS2 NFs against E. coli after ultrasound treatment; (b) Sonodynamic mechanism of porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework-MoS2 (HNTM-MoS2) and therapy on osteomyelitis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital; HNTM: Hollow metal-organic framework; RBC: Red blood cell; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β

Fig. 8 Au@BTO for bacterial elimination and wound healing[46] (a) Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy using Au@BTO under ultrasound irradiation; (b) Sonodynamic antibacterial effect of Au@BTO against E. coli and S. aureus; (c) Representative photographs of mouse S. aureus infected wounds at different time (d) Representative images of NIH-3T3 cell migration; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode; US: Ultrasound

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