Fig. 1 Principle of active substances incorporated in an antifouling device with haloperoxidase-like activity[29]

Fig. 2 Regulation mechanism of signaling molecules on marine bacterial QS system[29] AHL: Acylated homoserine lactones

Fig. 3 (a) eDNA acting as a bridge, and (b) disruption of EPS by DNase attacking the eDNA component of the EPS[41]

Fig. 4 (a,b)TEM images of the MSN-AuNPs under different magnifications, enzyme activity of MSN-AuNPs under different (c) pH and (d) temperature conditions, and growth densities of (e) E. coli and (f) S. aureus under different conditions[43]

Fig. 5 (a) ZIF-8 structural framework and (b) PMCS structural model, TEM images of (c) ZIF-8 and (d) PMCS, (e) apoptosis analysis of P. aeruginosa treated with PMCS, and (f) proposed catalytic mechanism of PMCS[46]

Fig. 6 (a) Synthesis route of Cit-MoS2, and (b) illustration of light regulating Cit-MoS2 enzyme activity to achieve Gram-selective antibacterial potential, and bacterial viabilities under different (c) pH and (d) irradiation time[49]

Fig. 7 (a) Preparation of the antibacterial platform, and its (b) schematic diagram of antibacterial, and survival rates of (c) S. aureus and (d) E. coli treated with different concentrations of ascorbic acid[52]

Fig. 8 (a) Preparation of DMAE and its (b) TEM and (c) SEM images, as well as magnified (d, e) TEM images of Au NPs confined on the surface of core/shell particles, and (f) growth of biofilms and (g) average thickness of the biofilms[64]

Fig. 9 (a) TEM and (b) HRTEM images of CeO2-x NPs, (c) ocean hanging board experiment, and (d) proposed catalytic bromination mechanism of the CeO2-x NPs[72]

Fig. 10 (a) Schematic diagram of preparation and anti-fouling of nanofibrous, SEM images of PVA (b) without and (c) with CeO2-x NRs after incubation, and (d) comparison of bacterial adhesion between 22wt% filled and unfilled PVA nanofibrous[73]