Effect of SnO2 Annealing Temperature on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

doi:10.15541/jim20190650

Abstract

Abstract:

Electron transport layer is a key part for perovskite solar cell (PSC), which can block holes and transmit electrons to reduce recombination. In this study, SnO₂ was synthesized with low-temperature solution-processed method and used as electronic transport layer for perovskite solar cells. The influence of annealing temperature on the properties of SnO₂ films and PSCs were systematically studied. The results showed that with the annealing temperatures at 60, 90, 120, 240 ℃, the surfaces of SnO₂ films own more pores; while annealed at 150, 180, 210 ℃, the corresponding surfaces show fewer pores. It was found that the transmittance of FTO glass covered with SnO₂ films is better than that of the bare FTO glass. With SnO₂ annealed at 180 ℃, the electron mobility of the thin film is the highest. The corresponding PSC possesses the best transmission resistance, composite resistance, and superior photovoltaic performance. The photoelectric conversion efficiency, the open-circuit voltage, the short-circuit current and the filling factor were 17.28%, 1.09 V, 20.91 mA/cm² and 75.91%, respectively.

Key words: perovskite solar cell, electronic transport layer, SnO₂, annealing temperature

CLC Number:

TQ174

WANG Yanxiang, GAO Peiyang, FAN Xueyun, LI Jiake, GUO Pingchun, HUANG Liqun, SUN Jian. Effect of SnO₂ Annealing Temperature on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(2): 168-174.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1 FSEM images of FTO and SnO2 films annealed at different temperatures (a, j) Bare FTO; (b) 60 ℃; (c) 90 ℃; (d) 120 ℃; (e) 150 ℃; (f, i) 180 ℃; (g) 210 ℃; (h) 240 ℃

Fig. 8 AFM images of SnO2 films prepared at different annealing temperatures (20 μm×20 μm) (a) 60 ℃; (b) 90 ℃; (c) 120 ℃; (d) 150 ℃; (e) 180 ℃; (f) 210 ℃; (g) 240 ℃

Fig.9 XRD patterns of SnO2 films prepared at different annealing temperatures

Fig. 2 XPS spectra of SnO2 film annealed at 180 ℃ with FTO as substrate (a) Full survey; (b) Sn3d; (c) O1s; (d) Cl2p

Fig. 3 UV-visible absorption spectra of SnO2 films annealed at different temperatures with FTO as substrate (Colourful curves are available on web)

Table 1 Bandgap of SnO2 films annealed at different temperatures

Temperature/℃	60	90	120	150	180	210	240
Band gap/eV	3.88	3.87	3.88	3.91	3.90	3.88	3.88

Table 1 Photoelectric parameters of PSCs with SnO2 ETLs annealed at different temperatures

Temperature/℃	V_OC/V	J_SC/(mA∙cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%
60	0.87	18.85	40.75	6.72
90	0.90	19.15	55.70	9.60
120	0.97	19.56	71.67	13.60
150	1.06	19.65	74.36	15.48
180	1.09	20.91	75.91	17.28
210	1.06	19.27	73.32	14.91
240	0.99	19.23	70.75	13.43

Fig. 4 Cross-sectional FSEM image of PSC with SnO2 ETL annealed at 180 ℃

Fig. 5 (a) J-V curves, (b) PCE histograms, (c) IPCE spectra of PSCs prepared with SnO2 ETLs annealed at different temperatures; (d) IPCE and integral current curves of PSC with SnO2 ETL annealed at 180 ℃ (Colourful curves are available on web)

Fig. 6 PL spectra of perovskite films prepared with SnO2 ETL annealed at different temperatures

Fig. 10 TRPL spectra of perovskite films prepared with SnO2 ETLs annealed at 60 and 90 ℃

Fig. 7 Nyquist plots of PSCs prepared with SnO2 ETLs annealed at different temperatures

Fig. 11 (a) Zoom-in high-frequency region of Nyquist plot and (b) equivalent circuit for PSCs with SnO2 ETLs annealed at different temperatures

Table 2 Electrical properties of SnO2 films annealed at different temperatures with FTO as substrate

Temperature/℃	Resistivity/ (×10^-4, Ω∙cm)	Carrier mobility/ (cm²∙V^-1·s^-1)
60	1.40	23.11
90	1.74	25.60
120	1.80	33.98
150	1.24	45.26
180	1.46	57.89
210	1.64	39.81
240	1.38	26.21

References 37

[1]	KOJIMA A, TESHIMA K, SHIRAI Y, et al. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009,131:6050-6051.
[2]	https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20190923.pdf (2019).
[3]	DONG Q, FANG Y J, SHAO Y C, et al. Electron-hole diffusion lengths >175 μm in solution-grown CH₃NH₃PbI₃ single crystals. Science, 2015,347(6225):967-970. URL PMID
[4]	LANG F, SHARGAIEVA O, BRUS V V, et al. Influence of radiation on the properties and the stability of hybrid perovskites. Adv. Mater., 2018,30(3):172905.
[5]	YANG Z, ZHONG M, LIANG Y, et al. SnO₂-C60 pyrrolidine tris-acid (CPTA) as the electrontransport layer for highly efficient and stable planar Sn-based perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019,29(42):1903621.
[6]	JIANG Q, ZHANG L, WANG H, et al. Enhanced electron extraction using SnO₂ for high-efficiency planar-structure HC(NH₂)₂PbI₃-based perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy, 2017,2:16177.
[7]	XIONG L B, QIN M C, YANG G, et al. Performance enhancement of high temperature SnO₂-based planar perovskite solar cells: electrical characterization and understanding of the mechanism. J. Mater. Chem., 2016,A4(21):8374-8383.
[8]	JIANG Q, CHU Z M, WANG P Y, et al. Planar-structure perovskite solar cells with efficiency beyond 21%. Adv. Mater., 2017,29(46):1703852.
[9]	KIM H, SANG H I, PARK N G. Organolead halide perovskite: new horizons in solar cell research. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014,118(11):5615-5625.
[10]	YANG D, YANG R X, WANG K, et al. High efficiency planar-type perovskite solar cells with negligible hysteresis using EDTA-complexed SnO₂. Nat. Commun., 2018,9:3239. DOI URL PMID
[11]	ZHANG P, WU J, ZHANG T, et al. Perovskite solar cells with ZnO electron-transporting materials. Adv. Mater., 2018,30(3):1703737.
[12]	GRÄTZEL M. The light and shade of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater., 2014,13(9):838-842. DOI URL PMID
[13]	CHUEH C C, LI C Z, JEN A K Y. Recent progress and perspective in solution-processed interfacial materials for efficient and stable polymer and organometal perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015,8(4):1160-1189.
[14]	CHEN Y C, MENG Q, ZHANG L R, et al. SnO₂-based electron transporting layer materials for perovskite solar cells: a review of recent progress. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2019,35:144-167.
[15]	HU T, BECKER T, POURDAVOUD N, et al. Indium-free perovskite solar cells enabled by impermeable tin-oxide electron extraction layers. Adv. Mater., 2017,29(27):1606656.
[16]	CHEN H, LIU D, WANG Y, et al. Enhanced performance of planar perovskite solar cells using low-temperature solution-processed Al-doped SnO₂ as electron transport layers. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2017,12(238):1-6.
[17]	KE W J, FANG G J, LIU Q, et al. Low-temperature solution- processed tin oxide as an alternative electron transporting layer for efficient perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015,137(21):6730-6733.
[18]	WANG C L, XIAO C X, YU, Y,et al. Understanding and eliminating hysteresis for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater., 2017,7(17):1700414.
[19]	JIANG Q, ZHAO Y, ZHANG X, et al. Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells. Nat. Photonics, 2019,13:460-466.
[20]	SAIDAMINOV M I, KIM J, JAIN A, et al. Suppression of atomic vacancies via incorporation of isovalent small ions to increase the stability of halide perovskite solar cells in ambient air. Nat. Energy, 2018,3(8):648-654.
[21]	柯维俊. 基于高效电子传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池研究. 武汉: 武汉大学博士学位论文, 2016.
[22]	LIU Q, ZHANG X, LI C Y, et al. Effect of tantalum doping on SnO₂ electron transport layer via low temperature process for perovskite solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2019,115:143903.
[23]	RAHUL R J, ASIT P, ARJUN S, et al. Effect of tantalum doping in a TiO₂ compact layer on the performance of planar spiro-OMeTAD free perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018,6:1037-1047.
[24]	TEBBY Z, UDDIN T, NICOLAS Y, et al. Low-temperature UV processing of nanoporous SnO₂ layers for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2011,3(5):1485-1491. DOI URL PMID
[25]	TRAN V H, AMBADE R B, AMBADE S B, et al. Low-temperature solution-processed SnO₂ nanoparticles as cathode buffer layer for inverted organic solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017,9(2):1645-1653. DOI URL PMID
[26]	REN X, YANG D, YANG Z, et al. Solution-processed Nb:SnO₂ electron transport layer for efficient planar perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017,9(3):2421-2429. DOI URL PMID
[27]	JEON N J, NA H, JUNG E H, et al. A fluorene-terminated hole-transporting material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy, 2018,3:682-689.
[28]	LEE Y, PAEK S, CHO K T, et al. Enhanced charge collection with passivation of the tin oxide layer in planar perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017,5:12729-12734.
[29]	LEE Y, LEE S, SEO G, et al. Efficient planar perovskite solar cells using passivated tin oxide as an electron transport layer. Adv. Sci., 2018,5(6):1800130.
[30]	XING G, MATHEWS N, SUN S, et al. Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Science, 2013,342(6156):344-347. DOI URL PMID
[31]	YANG D, YANG R, ZHANG J, et al. High efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells using superior low temperature TiO₂. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015,8:3208-3214.
[32]	YANG S, YUE W, ZHU J, et al. Graphene-based mesoporous SnO₂ with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013,23(28):3570-3576.
[33]	MAHMUD M A, ELUMALAI N K, UPAMA M B, et al. Single vs mixed organic cation for low temperature processed perovskite solar cells. Electrochim. Acta., 2016,222(20):1510-1521.
[34]	WANG W, ZHANG Z, CAI Y, et al. Enhanced performance of CH₃NH₃PbI₃-_xCl_x perovskite solar cells by CH₃NH₃ modification of TiO₂-perovskite layer interface. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2016,11:316.
[35]	YU Z, CHEN B, LIU P, et al. Stable organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells without hole-conductor layer achieved via cell structure design and contact engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2016,26(27):4866-4873.
[36]	BAG M, RENNA L A, ADHIKARI R Y, et al. Kinetics of ion transport in perovskite active layers and its implications for active layer stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015,137(40):13130-13137. URL PMID
[37]	AZPIROZ J M, MOSCONI E, BISQUERT J, et al. Defect migration in methylammonium lead iodide and its role in perovskite solar cell operation. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015,7:2118-2127.

Effect of SnO₂ Annealing Temperature on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 14

References 37

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	XIAO Zichen, HE Shihao, QIU Chengyuan, DENG Pan, ZHANG Wei, DAI Weideren, GOU Yanzhuo, LI Jinhua, YOU Jun, WANG Xianbao, LIN Liangyou. Nanofiber-modified Electron Transport Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(7): 828-834.
[2]	ZHANG Hui, XU Zhipeng, ZHU Congtan, GUO Xueyi, YANG Ying. Progress on Large-area Organic-inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Films and Its Photovoltaic Application [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(5): 457-466.
[3]	CHEN Tian, LUO Yuan, ZHU Liu, GUO Xueyi, YANG Ying. Organic-inorganic Co-addition to Improve Mechanical Bending and Environmental Stability of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(5): 477-484.
[4]	YU Man, GAO Rongyao, QIN Yujun, AI Xicheng. Influence of Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles on Hysteresis Effect and Ion Migration Kinetics in Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(4): 359-366.
[5]	LIU Song, ZHANG Faqiang, LUO Jin, LIU Zhifu. 0.9BaTiO₃-0.1Bi(Mg_1/2Ti_1/2)O₃ Ferroelectric Thin Films: Preparation and Energy Storage [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(3): 291-298.
[6]	ZHOU Zezhu, LIANG Zihui, LI Jing, WU Congcong. Preparation of MAPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells/Module via Volatile Solvents [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(11): 1197-1204.
[7]	LI Qianyuan, LI Jiwei, ZHANG Yuhan, LIU Yankang, MENG Yang, CHU Yu, ZHU Yijia, XU Nuoyan, ZHU Liang, ZHANG Chuanxiang, TAO Haijun. Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells by PbTiO₃ Modification and Polarization Treatment [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(11): 1205-1211.
[8]	HAN Xu, YAO Hengda, LYU Mei, LU Hongbo, ZHU Jun. Application of Single-molecule Liquid Crystal Additives in CH(NH₂)₂PbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(9): 1097-1102.
[9]	FANG Wanli, SHEN Lili, LI Haiyan, CHEN Xinyu, CHEN Zongqi, SHOU Chunhui, ZHAO Bin, YANG Songwang. Effect of Film Formation Processes of NiO_x Mesoporous Layer on Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon Electrodes [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(9): 1103-1109.
[10]	DING Tongshun, FENG Ping, SUN Xuewen, SHAN Husheng, LI Qi, SONG Jian. Perovskite Film Passivated by Fmoc-FF-OH and Its Photovoltaic Performance [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(9): 1076-1082.
[11]	CHEN Yu, LIN Puan, CAI Bing, ZHANG Wenhua. Research Progress of Inorganic Hole Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(9): 991-1004.
[12]	ZHANG Wanwen, LUO Jianqiang, LIU Shujuan, MA Jianguo, ZHANG Xiaoping, YANG Songwang. Zirconia Spacer: Preparation by Low Temperature Spray-coating and Application in Triple-layer Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(2): 213-218.
[13]	MA Tingting, WANG Zhipeng, ZHANG Mei, GUO Min. Performance Optimization of Ultra-long Stable Mixed Cation Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(12): 1387-1395.
[14]	WANG Ye, JIAO Yinan, GUO Junxia, LIU Huan, LI Rui, SHANG Zixuan, ZHANG Shidong, WANG Yonghao, GENG Haichuan, HOU Denglu, ZHAO Jinjin. Optimization of Interfacial Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(11): 1323-1330.
[15]	JIAO Boxin, LIU Xingchong, QUAN Ziwei, PENG Yongshan, ZHOU Ruonan, LI Haimin. Performance of Perovskite solar cells Doped with L-arginine [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(6): 669-675.