Progress on Failure Mechanism of Lithium Ion Battery Caused by Diffusion Induced Stress

doi:10.15541/jim20190622

Abstract

Abstract:

During charge and discharge of lithium-ion battery, the concentration gradient produced by lithium- ion diffusion process and deformation caused by lithiation expansion of the active material result in diffusion-induced stress. Excessive diffusion-induced stress can cause various mechanical failure modes such as cracking of active particles, separation between active particles, fracture of active layers, and delamination between active layers and current collectors, which eventually leads to a series of failure phenomena such as capacity attenuation, impedance rise and cycle life loss of the battery. Therefore, the diffusion-induced stress and the derived failure mechanism of lithium-ion battery become one of the research hotspots in the field of lithium-ion batteries, which has important theoretical and practical value. In this paper, research progress of the failure mechanism of lithium-ion battery caused by diffusion-induced stress in recent years is reviewed from different levels of the active particle, the active electrode, the half-cell, the cell unit, and the cell. The generation mechanism and research methods of diffusion-induced stress are introduced. The influence of diffusion-induced stress on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the battery is analyzed, and the influencing factors of the diffusion-induced stress are summarized. Finally, the future research directions and development trends are prospected.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, diffusion-induced stress, failure mechanism, multiphysics coupling model, review

CLC Number:

TM912

WANG Yanan, LI Hua, WANG Zhengkun, LI Qingfeng, LIAN Chen, HE Xin. Progress on Failure Mechanism of Lithium Ion Battery Caused by Diffusion Induced Stress[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(10): 1071-1087.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig. 1 Different scales of diffusion-induced stress in lithium-ion batteries (a) Active particle[4]; (b) Active electrode[5]; (c) Half cell[6]; (d) Cell unit[7]; (e) Cell[8]

Fig. 2 Relationship between volume change ratio of graphite and SOC[9]

Fig. 3 Radial stress and tangential stress in the active particle[12] (a) Lithiation process; (b) Delithiation process

Fig. 4 Lithiation process of the spherical silicon particle[14] (a) Initial state; (b) Outer layer expansion and surface cracking of the particle during lithiation

Fig. 5 (a) Nanowire particle and its lithiation process[23]; (b) Initial state and lithiation expansion state of nanowire particle with initial delamination defect[25]; (c) Initial state and lithiation expansion state of nanowire particle with mechanical clamping[26]

Fig. 6 (a) Solid sphere particle with carbon-coated shell[31]; (b) Lithium concentration distribution of carbon-coated solid sphere particle and hollow sphere particle during lithiation[32]; (c) Nanotube particle with carbon-coated shell[33]

Fig. 7 (a) Delithiation process of spherical particle with two-phase deintercalation mechanism[35]; (b) Surface tangential stress of spherical particle during lithiation process with two-phase deintercalation mechanism[36], the hollow circle, solid circle, asterisk and star represent the initial dimensionless sizes of the particles as 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0, respectively; (c) Relationship between critical dimension and discharge rate[42]

Table 1 Factors affecting diffusion-induced stress in a single particle model

Factor	Specific interpretation	Ref.
Particle shape	Solid sphere, hollow sphere, ellipsoid, cube, etc.	[14-20]
Particle size	Radius/diameter, shell thickness, aspect ratio, edge length, etc.	[14-20]
Material properties	Lithium expansion coefficient, elastic modulus, plastic deformation, strain rate, partial molar volume, medium expansion rate, lithium diffusion coefficient, etc.	[10, 21-22] [28-30]
Nanowires and nanotubes	Slender linear or tubular structures with small diameters	[11, 23-30]
Coating shell	Carbon coating, alumina coating, etc.	[31-34]
Phase separation	Single- and two-phase deintercalation mechanism	[34-37]
Dislocation effect	Microscopic defects in crystalline materials caused by local irregular arrangement of atoms	[38-41]
Charging and discharging conditions	Ratio and strategy of charging and discharging, etc.	[4, 42-44]

Fig. 8 (a) Lithium concentration distribution in the multi-particle model at 60% Depth of Discharge (DOD)[46,47]; (b) Multi-particle model considering homogeneous matrix and single-particle-matrix representative unit[48]; (c) Multi-particle-matrix electrode structure considering homogeneous matrix and diffusion-induced stress distribution of active particles during 1C discharge[50]

Fig. 9 (a) Multi-particle model established by X-ray scanning, (Black: The active particles and the binder; Blue: The electrolyte)[53]; (b) Diffusion-induced stress distribution of multi-particle model when fully charged at 1C rate[54]

Fig. 10 Schematic diagrams of models (a) Cylindrical and plate electrode units[55]; (b) coin-shaped thin film silicon electrode[56]; (c) thin film silicon electrode considering dislocations[58]

Fig. 11 (a) Initial state and lithiation deformation of the double-layer electrode considering plasticity of the current collector[62]; (b) Symmetrical electrode model composed of graphite active layers and copper current collector[63]; (c) Relationship between the elastic modulus of graphite and silicon and SOC[69]

Fig. 12 (a) Double-layer silicon electrode cracks to form silicon islands (above), and double-layer electrode model of a silicon island constrained by a current collector (below)[73]; (b) Diffusion-induced stress distribution of the double-layer electrodes of silicon islands with initial defects after lithiation, the length ratios of the long and short axes of the initial defects are 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1, respectively[75]

Fig. 13 Failure of particles in the NMC311 positive electrode[77] (a) Three-dimensional view of the electrode; (b) Views of the location near the separator and the current collector

Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs of a silicon-carbon composite anode (a) before and (b) after cycle[78]

Fig. 15 Crack propagation of a silicon electrode[80] (a) Fresh electrode; (b) Electrode of 1000 nm thickness after 5 cycles; (c) Electrode of 500 nm thickness after 5 cycles; (d) Electrode of 200 nm thickness after 10 cycles

Fig. 16 (a) Diffusion-induced stress in the graphite anode during the first 3 cycles[85]; (b) Evolution of diffusion-induced stress in a Ge electrode during lithiation and delithiation, the arrows represent the moment when the electrode fractures[86]

Fig. 17 Distribution of diffusion-induced stress in the cell unit during discharge, DOD are (a) 8%, (b) 54%, (c) 67% and (d) 100%, respectively[90]

Fig. 18 Surface pressure during charge and discharge of a prismatic cell [93] (a) Experimental schematic diagram; (b) Change of surface pressure with SOC

Fig. 19 (a) Experimental schematic diagram of the external constraint and EIS test[94]; (b) Impedance as a function of cycle times at different external pressures[95]; (c) Effect of external constraints on cycle lifetime of the cell, of which blue, green, yellow and red lines representing external constraints of 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 MPa, respectively[96]; (d) SOH as a function of cycle times, of which blue, red, yellow, and purple lines representing no external constraint, constant thickness constraint, elastic element constraint, and constant force spring constraint, respectively[97]

Fig. 20 Deformation of jelly roll after charge and discharge cycles (a) X-ray scan result and (b) Laser microscope result[101]

Table 2 Failure phenomenon of cell and their corresponding mechanism

Failure phenomenon	Corresponding mechanism	Ref.
Capacity decay/lifetime reduction	Side reaction of active particles and electrolyte results in regeneration of SEI film	[99]
	Excessive stress causes fracture of electrode	[100]
	Uneven distribution of pressure inside cell brings about lithium precipitation on electrode	[100, 103]
	Deformation of jelly roll leads to delamination between active layer and current collector	[101]
Impedance rise	Porosity decreasing and tortuosity increasing of positive and negative electrodes and separator	[94-95]
Impedance rise	Deformation of jelly roll leads to delamination between active layer and current collector	[101]

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