Effect of Gas-foaming Porogen-NaHCO3 and Citric Acid on the Properties of Injectable Macroporous Borate Bioactive Glass Cement

doi:10.15541/jim20160532

Abstract

Abstract:

Borate bioactive glass (BBG) is a promising candidate material for bone tissue engineering. Mostly, it was applied in the form of scaffolds and granules. Till now, little work has been done to investigate the fabrication of porous borate bioactive glass cement (BBGC). In this work, we prepared an injectable macroporous BBGC via gas-foaming method, where NaHCO₃ and citric acid were used as porogen. Porous structure was analyzed by using SEM. The properties of soaking products were characterized by XRD, FTIR and ATR. The injection test showed that the injection rate of BBGC was over 80%. SEM images presented that there were apparent pores in BBGC. The diameter of the macropores varied from 10 μm to 800 μm. Furthermore, the degradability of BBGC was greatly improved. After one month in vitro soaking, the weight loss of non-foamed BBGC was only 50wt%, while for the foamed samples, their weight loss reached 70wt%. Meanwhile, the XRD, FTIR and ATR results exhibited that there were hydroxyapatite (HA) formation and confirmed that the introduction of macropores into the BBGC did facilitate the mineralization reaction.

Key words: gas-foaming, bioactive borate glass cement (BBGC), macropores, fast-degrading

CLC Number:

TQ171

WU Ying-Ying, YE Song,YAO Ai-Hua, LI Hai-Bin, JIA Wei-Tao, HUANG Wen-Hai, WANG De-Ping. Effect of Gas-foaming Porogen-NaHCO₃ and Citric Acid on the Properties of Injectable Macroporous Borate Bioactive Glass Cement[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2017, 32(7): 777-784.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Composition of the samples

Samples	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6
BBG /g	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
(NaHCO₃/ BBG) / %	0	5	8	10	12	15
Gelatin solution / mL	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Citric acid / mL	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2

Fig. 1 Injectability study of the cements(a) Representative injectability curves of BBGC with different porogen contents obtained from a syringe with a 1.7 mm diameter at a compression rate of 15 mm/min and maximum applied injection force of 100 N; (b) Injectability percentage measured for BBGC

Table 2 Physical results of the BBGC

No.	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6
Setting time / min	110 ± 10	175 ± 15	82 ± 5	55 ± 5	25 ± 3	20 ± 2
Density / (g•cm^-3)	1.10 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.02	1.04 ± 0.04	1.05 ± 0.04	0.98 ± 0.01	1.07 ± 0.04
Total porosity / %	47.07 ± 2.01	50.71 ± 0.85	49.38 ± 1.74	48.96 ± 2.13	52.18 ± 0.68	47.46 ± 1.89

Fig. 2 Fracture surface morphologies of injectable BBGC after one day setting in water bath at 37℃(a), (c) S2; (b), (d) S4

Fig. 3 Disintegration resistance of porogen-loaded BBGC after shaking for various times at 180 r/min in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37℃

Fig. 4 Morphologies of injectable BBGC after soaking in PBS and shaking at 180 r/min for 24 h

Fig. 5 Weight loss (a) and pH of PBS solution as a function of immersion time at 37℃ (b) of BBGC

Fig. 6 XRD patterns of BBGC (a) and (c), S2 by immersing in PBS with different soaking time; (b) and (d) S1, S2, S4 after immersion in PBS for 30 d

Fig. 7 ATR spectra of S1 and S4 as a function of soaking time (a), (c) materials 2 mm from the surface of S1 and S4 cylinder, respectively; (b) (d) surface materials of S1 cylinder and S4 cylinder, respectively

Fig. 8 Schematic illustration showing the degradation mechanism of BBGC in PBS solution as a function of times; sectional morphology of BBGC before soaking (a); BBGC soaking for some time (b); end product (c)

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Effect of Gas-foaming Porogen-NaHCO₃ and Citric Acid on the Properties of Injectable Macroporous Borate Bioactive Glass Cement

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