多级孔沸石的孔结构调控合成及其催化应用研究进展

doi:10.15541/jim20170255

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沸石由于特殊的离子交换性, 丰富的酸性位以及较高的水热稳定性, 被广泛地应用于工业催化和分离吸附等领域。但是由于其较小的微孔尺寸(< 1.5 nm), 在一些大分子参与的催化反应中受到极大的限制。多级孔沸石在保留传统沸石晶化骨架、酸性位以及高水热稳定性的同时引入了多级孔结构, 可极大改善分子的扩散和传质, 减少积碳, 延长催化剂的使用寿命, 使其在催化领域获得更为广泛的应用。本文系统综述了多级孔沸石在孔结构调控方面的研究进展, 着重介绍了无序介孔/大孔结构的多级孔沸石、有序介孔结构的多级孔沸石、取向排列的双介孔结构多级孔沸石、空心结构的多级孔沸石、集大孔-介孔-微孔为一体的多级孔沸石等的合成策略与机理以及结构表征。概述了多级孔沸石在催化领域中的应用进展; 通过与传统沸石和无定型介孔材料的对比, 这种新型的多级孔沸石展现出独特的优势。最后, 对未来多级孔沸石的发展与应用潜力进行了展望。

关键词: 多级孔, 沸石, 结构调控, 大孔/介孔/微孔, 催化应用, 综述

Abstract:

Zeolite has an excellent ion-exchange property, rich acid sites and good structure and catalysis stability. Therefore, it has been widely used in many fields, i.e., industrial catalysis, separation and adsorption, etc. However, the application of zeolite is greatly limited in many catalytic reactions involved in the large molecules due to its smaller micropore size (< 1.5 nm). The introduction of hierarchically porous structure into conventional zeolite crystals not only keeps their crystalline framework, acidic active sites and high thermal and hydrothermal stability, but also accelerates the diffusion/transfer of larger molecules and greatly decreases the formation of carbon residue, thus prolonging the catalyst life, which enables them more popular applications in the catalytic field. Herein, the recent research progresses of the control of pore structural, the synthesis strategy and mechanism of some typical kinds of hierarchically porous zeolites, including disordered mesoporous/macroporous structure, ordered mesoporous/macroporous structure, dual mesopore structure with certain orientation, hollow structure and macroporous-mesoporous-microporous structure, etc, are concluded. In addition, the application progresses of these hierarchically porous zeolites in catalytic fields are summarized. Compared with the conventional zeolites and amorphous mesopore materials, the novel hierarchically porous zeolites show more excellent catalytic performance due to the crystalline framework and the introduce of hierarchically pore structure. Finally, an outlook for the hierarchically porous zeolite promising development in the future is put forward.

Key words: hierarchically porous, zeolite, structure control, macropore/mesopore/micropore, catalysis, review

中图分类号:

TQ174

陈航榕, 周晓霞, 施剑林. 多级孔沸石的孔结构调控合成及其催化应用研究进展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2018, 33(2): 113-128.

CHEN Hang-Rong, ZHOU Xiao-Xia, SHI Jian-Lin. Research Progress on Hierarchically Porous Zeolites: Structural Control, Synthesis and Catalytic Applications[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2018, 33(2): 113-128.

图/表 17

图1 骨架Al分布对NaOH处理的MFI沸石脱硅的影响[22]

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the influence of Al content on the desilication treatment of MFI zeolites in NaOH solution[22]

图2 (a) 碳纳米颗粒作为硬模板合成多级孔沸石ZSM-5示意图, (b)典型的SEM照片和(c)典型的TEM照片以及对应的电子衍射图[2]

Fig. 2 (a) Schematic illustration of hierarchical microporous- mesoporous zeolite crystals ZSM-5 in the presence of an carbon template, typical SEM (b) and TEM (c) images of the templated zeolites, including the electron diffraction pattern[2]

图3 (a)蔗糖原位水热碳化法结合蒸汽辅助晶化法合成多级孔沸石ZSM-5示意图; (b)FE-SEM照片以及SAED; (c)苯甲醚的付克酰基化反应评价[32]

Fig. 3 (a) Schematic synthetic process of hierarchically porous zeolite ZSM-5; (b) FE-SEM image and SAED pattern of the hierarchically porous zeolite ZSM-5; (c) Time dependence of the anisole conversion over different catalysts for Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole and acetyl chloride[32]

图4 以阳离子聚合物为模板剂合成多级孔沸石Beta的示意图, 多级孔沸石Beta的N2吸附脱附曲线以及相应的孔径分布和TEM照片[36,38]

Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of mesoporous zeolite Beta by using cationic polymers, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and the corresponding pore-size distribution curve and TEM image of mesoporous zeolite Beta[36,38]

图5 (a)初级结构单元和CTAB组装形成有序介孔; (b)室温陈化低聚体或纳米颗粒和CTAB组装形成无定形介孔相或介孔和沸石的混合相; (c)不同程度亚晶粒和CTAB组装形成的多级孔ZSM-5沸石; (d)纳米晶粒和CTAB尺度不匹配形成颗粒团聚体[41]

Fig. 5 (a) Formation of ordered mesoporous materials between primary units and CTAB; (b) Amorphous mesophase or a mixture of the mesophse and pure zeolite crystals formed by the assembly between oligomers/nanoparticles and CTAB during room temperature aging; (c) The synthesis of hierarchical mesoporous zeolites (HMZ) by using zeolite subnanocrystal precursor to assemble with CTAB; (d) The formation of nanozeolite aggregates due to size-mismatch between nanocrystals and CTAB[41]

图6 CTAB联合F127共模板制备多级孔ZSM-5沸石的SEM照片(a, b)以及TEM照片(c)和HR-TEM照片(d), (e)是(c)图中整个颗粒的选区电子衍射花样[41]

Fig. 6 SEM (a, b), TEM (c), and HR-TEM (d) images of hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites through co-templating of CTAB and F127, and (e) is the corresponding SAED pattern taken from the whole particle in image (c)[41]

图7 层状MFI沸石分子筛纳米片的SEM和TEM照片以及结晶示意图[34]

Fig. 7 SEM and TEM images and the proposed structure model of the MFI zeolite nanosheets[34]

图8 (a)直轨道中模板分子单季铵盐指导SCZN的形成; (b)用不同疏水碳链BCPh-n-6-6合成SCZN的SEM照片; (c)以BCPh-6-6-6为模板合成SCZN-2的高倍TEM照片; (d)焙烧后SCZN-2的孔结构曲线[43]

Fig. 8 (a) Single quaternary ammoniums in the template molecules are located in the straight channel and serve as a template to direct the formation of SCZN; (b) SEM images of as-made samples by using different hydrophobic carbon chain, BCPh-n-6-6; (c) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of as-made SCZN-2 templated by BCPh-6-6-6; (d) Pore properties of calcined SCZN-2[43]

图9 (A)材料ZSM-5-ODM的合成示意图; (B)材料ZSM-5-ODM的N2吸附-脱附曲线以及相应的孔径分布图; (C)材料ZSM-5-ODM的低倍以及高倍FE-SEM照片; (e)中的插图为相应区域的高分辨率FE-SEM照片; (f)材料ZSM-5-ODM的TEM照片以及相应的SADE图片(插图)[44]

Fig. 9 (A) Schematic drawing of the formation mechanism of sample ZSM-5-ODM; (B) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and corresponding BJH pore diameter distribution curves of the sample ZSM-5-ODM; (C) Low and high-magnification FE-SEM images of ZSM-5-ODM with an inset in (e) showing high-resolution image on particular sections; (f)Typical HR-TEM image of ZSM-5-ODM and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern (inset)[44]

图10 苯甲醛与乙醇的化学反应方程式以及不同催化剂下苯甲醛转化率随反应时间的变化[44]

Fig. 10 Chemical reaction illustration for the condensation of benzaldehyde with ethanol and the effect of reaction time on the conversion of benzaldehyde over the different samples[44]

图11 (a~e)空心介孔沸石球的TEM照片以及相应的电子衍射图(SAED); (f)传统ZSM-5沸石、介孔沸石(MZS)和空心介孔沸石(HMZS)的XRD图谱; (g~h) N2吸附脱附等温线以及相应的孔径分布, 其中MZS和HMZS分别上移了100和200 cm3/g[46]

Fig. 11 (a-e) TEM images of HMZS at different magnifications and its electron diffraction pattern; (f) XRD patterns, (g-h) N2 sorption isotherms and pore size distributions of MZS (●), HMZS (▲) and conventional ZSM-5 zeolite (■). Isotherms of MZS and HMZS are offset by 100 and 200 cm3/g[46]

图12 传统ZSM-5沸石(ZSM-5)、介孔沸石球(MZS)和空心介孔沸石球(HMZS) (a) 对亚甲基蓝吸附等温线以及(b)在PBS中对牛血红蛋白(BHb)的吸附动力学曲线[46]

Fig. 12 Adsorption isotherms of MB and (b) adsorption curves of BHb in PBS by using conventional ZSM-5 zeolite, MZS and HMZS[46]

图13 空腔介孔沸石胶囊的合成示意图[47]

Fig. 13 Schematic drawing of the suggested formation process of the mesoporous zeolite with a hollow capsular structure (MZ-HCS)[47]

图14 空腔沸石胶囊的SEM (a)、TEM (b, c)和照片(c)中黑方框内的高分辨透射电镜照片(d)。(a)中插图显示有意选择的破碎的胶囊颗粒, (e~f)无定形铝硅酸盐(A)和空腔介孔沸石胶囊(B)的27Al和 29Si 固体核磁共振图谱[47]

Fig. 14 SEM (a), TEM (b, c) and HR-TEM (d) images of MZ-HCS. Inset in (a) is a deliberately selected capsule with a broken shell; the HR-TEM image was taken from the area in the black square of (c); (e-f) 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectra of (A) AAS and (B) MZ-HCS[47]

图15 传统沸石X和分级孔沸石X的不同倍数的SEM照片[48]

Fig. 15 SEM images with different magnifications of (a-c) calcined conventional zeolite X and (d-f) hierarchical zeolite X[48]

图16 通过准固态晶化过程合成微孔-介孔-大孔硅铝酸盐的示意图(左)和微孔-介孔-大孔硅铝酸盐的TEM照片(右)[51]

Fig. 16 Schematic representation of the synthesis of hierarchically micro-meso-macroprous aluminosilicates (left), and TEM investigation of the formation of micro-meso-macroporous aluminosilicate (right)[51]

表1 不同材料在1,3,5-三异甲苯(TIPB)裂解中的催化反应活性以及BET测试的结构参数[a][51]

Table 1 Catalytic activity for cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene and the structural parameters for various samples[a][51]

	Conv /%	Contact time /ms	BET surface area /(m²•g^-1)	Si/Al	Product distribution/%
	Conv /%	Contact time /ms	BET surface area /(m²•g^-1)	Si/Al	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6
MMM(2)	28.59	12	562	80	25.29	3.30	7.59	63.80	—	—
	44.46	18	—	—	25.91	3.01	6.57	62.86	—	1.64
	88.63	24	—	—	37.14	13.37	4.73	4.44	12.42	27.87
ZSM-5	17.25	12	302	75	40.75	16.98	25.51	16.75	—	—
	23.26	18	—	—	49.22	25.92	18.57	6.32	—	—
	23.97	24	—	—	24.48	26.41	16.85	5.59	—	—
Al-MCM-41	—	24	996	82	—	—	—	—	—	—
MCM-41	—	24	1075	∞	—	—	—	—	—	—

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