图1 (BA)4AgBiBr8的原位高压衍射图谱及其晶体结构变化示意图[33]

Fig. 1 In situ high pressure XRD patterns of (BA)4AgBiBr8 and schematic illustration of crystal structure changes[33] (a) Representative XRD patterns of (BA)4AgBiBr8 at selected pressures up to 25.0βGPa. The magnification factor of the peak intensities in the left panel is two times that of the right panel; (b) Crystal structure of (BA)4AgBiBr8 perpendicular to the c axis (perpendicular to a axis, phase II). Pink and green octahedra represent [AgBr6]5- and [BiBr6]3- octahedra, respectively; (c) Crystal structures of (BA)4AgBiBr8 along (100) ((001), Phase II) with increasing pressure. Ag-Br octahedra are shown in pink. Bi-Br octahedral are shown in green; (d)βIllustrations of Bi-Br1-Ag bond angle within the inorganic layers framework before and after the phase transition. (1 atm=1.01×105 Pa)

图2 β-CsPbI3的同步辐射X射线衍射的相关谱图[11]

Fig. 2 Relevant SR-XRD patterns of β-CsPbI3[11] (a) XRD patterns acquired from a CsPbI3 thin film and powders scratched from its films. Brown lines indicate the standard β-CsPbI3 XRD pattern calculated for Cu Kα1 radiation for the tetragonal perovskite structure at 518 K; (b) GIWAXS data from β-CsPbI3 films; (c) Azimuthally integrated intensity profiles for the β-CsPbI3 perovskite films annealed at different temperatures (30, 80, 100, 150, 190, 210, 230, 250 ℃)

图3 n型(a)和p型(b)SnSe的原位高温X射线衍射图谱[39]

Fig. 3 In-situ high temperature XRD patterns of n-type (a) and p-type (b) SnSe[39] Colorful figures are available on website

图4 CaCO3·1/2H2O的高分辨同步辐射X射线衍射图谱及其晶体结构模型[9]

Fig. 4 High-resolution SR-XRD pattern of CaCO3·1/2H2O and its crystal structure model[9] (a) Synchrotron HRXRPD pattern of CaCO3·1/2H2O using a wavelength of 0.049596 nm; (b) The layers of CaCO3·1/2H2O consist of Ca(μ2-CO3)2/5(μ1-CO3)3/5(H2O)1/2 double zigzag chains running along the a axis, here, differently oriented (up and down) carbonate groups are indicated by indices μ2 and μ1; (c) Stacking in the c direction occurs in a conventional ABAB fashion with an interlayer spacing (the distance between Ca planes) equal to 0.308 nm. The insets in (a) show comparisons of the measured HRXRPD pattern of CaCO3·1/2H2O with simulated patterns of other calcium carbonate phases. Different types of atoms are colored as follows: Ca, blue; carbonate group, green; oxygen from water, red; and hydrogen, gray

图5 Ag纳米颗粒的扩散聚集生长机制示意图[43]

Fig. 5 Sketch map of the diffusion-coalescence mechanism of Ag nanoparticles[43]

图6 PVP包裹的Ag纳米颗粒的定向聚集生长机制示意图[45]

Fig. 6 Sketch of the growth process of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles[45]

图7 时间分辨SAXS实验结果及NiP纳米颗粒形成机理示意图[46]

Fig. 7 Time-resolved SAXS results and schematic illustration of the formation mechanism for NiP[46] (a) Comparison between the experimental SAXS intensities (symbols) and the simulated ones (solid lines); (b) Normalized particle-volume distribution P(R) extracted from the SAXS data; (c) Schematic map of the formation mechanism of noncrystalline Ni-P nanoparticles

图8 原位SAXS技术研究悬浮的外加电场诱导的Na2Ti3O7纳米纤维的取向行为[47]

Fig. 8 In-situ SAXS technique applied on the study for the orientation of suspended Na2Ti3O7 nanofiber induced by applied electric field[47] (A) Sketch map of in-situ SAXS measurements; (B) SAXS patterns of the silicone oil suspension with 1.25wt% of Na2Ti3O7 nanofibers under the DC electric-field strength: 0 kV/mm (a), 0.5 kV/mm (b), 1.5 kV/mm (c), and 2.5 kV/mm (d); (C) Electric-field strength dependence of normalized orientation distribution width, the solid lines represent the simulation

图9 通过SAXS技术揭示的Fe3O4@SiO2纳米棒在磁场调控下的结构演化过程[48]

Fig. 9 Structural evolution of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanorods under magnetic field studied by SAXS[48] (a) TEM image of the Fe3O4@SiO2 nanorods; (b) Small-angle X-ray diffraction pattern of an aqueous suspension of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanorods (volume fraction ϕ=21%) in the presence of a 200-Gauss external magnetic field, the color bar on the bottom shows the relative diffraction intensity; (c) Schematic illustration of the stretching of the hcp lattice along the <210> direction. The (001) facet of the original hcp lattice was transformed into the (010) facet of the new monoclinic structure. The main axis of nanorods is aligned along the <201> direction of the monoclinic lattice, which is parallel to external magnetic fields; (d) Schematic illustration of magnetically tuning the Bragg diffractions from crystalline colloidal array by changing the angle (θ) between the magnetic field and the incident light

图10 SAXS技术为纳米颗粒在熔融无机盐中稳定存在提供的实验证据[49]

Fig. 10 Experimental evidence for the stable presence of nanoparticles in molten inorganic salts provided by SAXS technique[49] (a) Photographs of stable nanocrystals (NC) colloids in P+P-; (b-d) Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns of CdSe (b), quantum dots (QDs) (c) and Pt NCs (d) in toluene and P+P-. The SAXS patterns of NCs in P+P- resemble those of NCs in toluene, indicating high NC colloidal stability; (e) Photographs showing the phase transfer of CdSe NCs from octane to [BMIM]+Cl- without additional ligands; (f) Photographs of stable CdSe NC colloids in [BMIM]+Cl-; (g) SAXS patterns of CdSe NCs in toluene (with OA/TOP/TOPO) and [BMIM]+Cl-. All samples were gently heated to keep [BMIM]+Cl- in the molten state (1 Å=0.1 nm)

图11 1cFe-Pt/SiO2催化剂的原位XAFS测试及其催化机理示意图[54]

Fig. 11 In situ XAFS measurements of the 1cFe-Pt/SiO2 catalyst and its schematic illustration of catalytic mechanism[54] (a-d) XANES spectra at Fe K edge (a) and Pt L3 edge (b), detailed structural information shown in the k3-weighted FT spectra in R-space at the Fe K edge (c) and the Pt L3 edge (d) (E: energy, R: distance between absorbing atom and neighbouring scatterer atoms, without correcting for scattering phase shift, and χ(k): the amplitude of the EXAFS oscillations as a function of photoelectron wavenumber k (a.u., arbitrary units). The inset in (a) shows a magnified view of the pre-edge peak A. The energy positions of Fe pre-edge peak A, Fe white-line peak B and Pt white-line peak C, as well as R-space peak positions of the shells of Fe-O, Fe-Fe, Fe-Pt, Pt-O and Pt-Pt, are also shown; (e) Schematic models of 1cFe-Pt/SiO2-O (left), 1cFe-Pt/SiO2-R (middle) and 1cFe-Pt/SiO2-P (right), Fe, O, H and Pt atoms are shown in orange, red, white, and blue, respectively. (1 Å=0.1 nm) (colorful figures are available on website)

图12 NaFePO4的XAFS光谱及Na扩散机制示意图[55]

Fig. 12 XAFS spectra of NaFePO4 and schematic illustrations for Na diffusive mechanism[55] X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra of Na K-edge (a), O K-edge (b) for olivine-type, maricite-type and polymorphic composites obtained by milling for 15 h (NFP-15); Schematic illustrations for Na diffusive mechanism: possible sodium-ion diffusive pathways and atomistic structure for amorphous NaFePO4 (c), structural sketching diagrams of olivine-type NaFePO4 (d), and maricite-type NaFePO4 (e) Colorful figures are available on website

图13 SnS1-xSex的K边k3权重EXAFS振荡的傅里叶变换光谱图及其拟合结果[57]

Fig. 13 Fitting of the Fourier transforms of k3 weighted EXAFS oscillations at Se K-edge of SnS1-xSex[57] (A) x=0.03; (B) x=0.06; (C) x=0.09; (D) x=0.12 (1 Å=0.1 nm) (colorful figures are available on website)

图14 SR-XPS实验研究的二维Sn/Bi2Te3材料的电子结构和界面相互作用[59]

Fig. 14 Electronic structure and interfacial interaction of 2D Sn/Bi2Te3 material studied by SR-XRS[59] (a) Perspective top and side views of atomic structure of stanene/Bi2Te3; (b) ARPES intensity evolution of CE contours in the 2D Brillouin zone at the specified binding energies; (c) XPS results of Bi4f7/2 core levels. The Bi4f7/2 spectra are measured at 500 eV under room temperature (1 Å=0.1 nm) (colorful figures are available on website)

图15 ARPES揭示的p-SnSe的电子结构[60]

Fig. 15 Electronic structure of p-SnSe resolved by ARPES[60] ARPES measures band dispersions along high-symmetry directions of Z-Γ-Z (a), U-Y-U (b), and Y-Γ-Y (c), taken with 50 eV photon energy. The second derivative plots (d) and (e), corresponding to (a) and (b), respectively, directly compared with the DFT calculations, in which the weight of Sn5s and Se4p orbitals are represented by light blue and yellow, respectively; Close-up of the top VBs along Γ-Z reveals pronounced differences between the theoretical band dispersion (f) and the ARPES measured results (g), as highlighted by the X-shaped dashed lines; (h) Schematic plot of a pudding-moul shaped VB with corrugations, which leads to giant S due to the band geometry effect with inset showing the ARPES cut directions in the projected two-dimensional first Brillouin zone (BZ) (1 Å=0.1 nm)

图16 VUV-UV光谱研究的CaSi10-nAl2+nOnN16-n:xEu2+材料的持续发光特性[61]

Fig. 16 Persistent luminescence properties of CaSi10-nAl2+nOnN16-n:xEu2+ material studied by VUV-UV spectra[61] (a) Excitation and (b) emission spectra of CaSi10Al2N16: xEu (x = 0.1%-8%) samples with inset showing the integral intensity (blue curve) and the Stokes shift (red curve) of those samples against Eu concentration (the sharp peaks in the range of 400-500 nm being caused by the Xe lamp equipped in the FLS 920 spectrophotometer); (c) Emission spectra of CaSi10-nAl2+nOnN16-n: 0.5%Eu (n=0-1) samples with inset showing the integral intensity versus n values (colorful figures are avaailable on websites)

图17 同步辐射X射线纳米成像技术研究的Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O颗粒的结构缺陷和形成过程[66]

Fig. 17 Structural defects and formation process of Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O particles studied by SR-XRI[66] (a) SEM image (inset: TEM image); (b) Reconstructed three dimensional rendering view of the urchin-like zinc silicate; (c) Schematic illustration of the preparation of the zinc silicate nanomaterials

图18 X射线断层成像技术解析的颗粒三维元素分布[67]

Fig. 18 3D element distribution of particles analyzed by X-ray tomography technique[67] Elemental association maps of the as-made NMC precursor after spray pyrolysis (a,b) and the powder after annealing at 850 ℃ (c,d); 3D rendering of the elemental associations viewing the particles at different angles (a,c); 2D slices of the elemental associations cut through at different depths of the imaged particles (b,d). The colours representing the elemental associations are shown at the bottom

图19 X射线谱学成像技术研究的LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2电池材料颗粒的化学成分和价态在三维空间的分布[68]

Fig. 19 3D distributions of chemical components and valence states of LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 battery particles studied by X-ray spectro-microscopy[68] (a) Panel illustrating the data structure; (b) Panel showing the prior knowledge of a list of anticipated principal chemical species in the sample, which is indispensable for the chemical mapping in this approach. Panel (c) illustrates the quantification procedures including the linear combination fitting, the color coding, and the tomographic reconstruction. Panel (d) shows the 3D mesoscale structural and chemical heterogeneity of a cluster of partially reduced NiO electrode particles